The Shield - Research Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science

WHY PUBERTY RATING IS MANDATORY FOR GROWTH MONITORING OF A PERI-PUBERTAL CHILD ATHLETE?

Meritorious Professor Dr. Syed Arif Kamal — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Pubertal development affects child growth in terms of leveling of height velocity of the child and appearance of puberty-induced energy-channelization (energy-channelization III), in which a temporary drop in CDC percentile-of-height is associated with a gain in CDC percentile-of-mass. Puberty represents additional puberty-induced growth, which accelerates up to the age at peak velocity. After that it decelerates until the growth ends.

BARRIERS TOWARDS FEMALE STUDENTS REGARDING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN CHITRAL, A REMOTE NORTHERN AREA OF PAKISTAN

Rubina Inayat, Dr. Muhammad Azam, Tahira Naz — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Persistent discrimination against women who prefer to adopt an active lifestyle may be found all over Pakistan, but it is particularly prevalent in rural and remote places. The goal of this research was to have a better understanding of these challenges and develop strategies for overcoming them. In this study, a sampling technique known as the random selection was utilized to select one hundred twenty people from the surrounding locations. For the purpose of collecting information from each of them, a standardized questionnaire was used. According to the research on the data, both religious and cultural factors played a part, although the analysis revealed that religious influences played a more substantial effect. It has been demonstrated that factors of a religious and cultural nature play an important part in the gender discrimination that is directed toward women who live in rural regions and take part in activities that require a high level of physical exertion. In addition, students' low self-esteem was a substantial impediment to their engagement in extracurricular activities, particularly those involving physical activity and sports.

THE FEASIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF LONG-TERM COACHING DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR CRICKET PLAYERS: AN INITIATIVE FROM SIALKOT, PAKISTAN

Mansoor Amjad, Maham Rasheed, Faisal Khan — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: It has been indicated that the coaching model is fundamental to enhancing the practice and performance of cricket players. There is a need to develop a standardized model of coaching from the perspective of Pakistan to follow by the players and coaches for skill-based training. Thus, the current study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the “Long Term Coaching Development Model” based on the perspective of the Long-term athlete development (LTAD) model (Balyi et al.,2013) in Pakistan. Method: The Qualitative study was conducted through purposive sampling by selecting professional’s coaches (N=03) having a minimum of 10 years of experience in the field of cricket coaching, and players (N=20), were recruited in City Cricket Association Player (CCA) Sialkot, Pakistan. A total of 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed by independent researchers. The transcripts were analyzed using a systematic approach that incorporates inductive thematic analysis. Results: The themes emerged that the coaching model comprised the five main elements; i) On Ground Realities 2) Mental Toughness 3) Situational Analysis 4) Development of Match Scenario 5) Improvisation in a different match. Other than the coaching element, effective communication is very important for the player and coach.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS

Yasir Iqbal Waraich, Prof. Dr. Yasmeen Iqbal, Dr. Shahzaman Khan — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

School-age children are one of the most active segments of any society. The diet/food and environment, as well as the routines of school-aged children, have a significant impact on their development, body weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), and hence on the overall general wellbeing status of the school-aged children. The present study was conducted with an aim to compare the anthropometric attributes in government and private school going children. Analytical and crosssectional study design was used. The study was conducted on male children from private and government schools, located within of the main city of Sargodha, Pakistan. Five each from private and government sector, total ten schools were selected in this study. Convenience sampling technique was used. Children between the ages of 9-11 years, Children in primary level of education and children which are the residents of Sargodha were included in the study. On the basis of statistical results, the weight and BMI level of private school children is significantly higher as compare to government school children. No statistically significant difference was found between height in Private and government school’s students.

INFLUENCE OF CORE STABILITY EXERCISE AND VITAMIN D ON PHYSICAL SELF-CONCEPT AND PHYSICAL FITNESS STATUS IN YOUNG WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Hanieh Rezaie, Maryam Kheirmand, Maryam Koushkie Jahromi — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an emerging neurological disease for which vitamin D deficiency can be a risk factor. Considering the reduction of physical fitness and self-concept in MS patients, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of core stability exercises and vitamin D consumption on physical self-concept and fitness status in young women with MS. Methods: In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 36 young women with MS (aged 32.72 ± 6.57 years old) were randomly divided into four groups: supplementation alone (SUP; n = 9), exercise alone (EXE; n = 8), both supplementation and exercise (SUP + EXE; n = 9), and control (CON; n = 10). All four groups completed the physical self-description questionnaire (PSDQ) before and after the interventions. The SUP group received 1500 IU of vitamin D every two weeks, and the exercise groups performed core stability exercises three sessions per week for eight weeks. For estimating the physical fitness, muscular power, flexibility, physical coordination, and balance were measured before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant difference in physical self-concept between the four groups. The SUP + EXE group had the highest physical self-concept after treatment (203.44 ± 14.55) and the SUP group showed the lowest physical self-concept (164.44 ± 28.33). Total physical fitness Z scores of SUP + EXE and EXE groups were the highest scores between the four groups (4.95 ± 2.18 and 1.12 ± 2.28, respectively). Moreover, scores of the SUP + EXE group increased significantly compared to the control group in terms of physical self-concept, muscular power, muscular perseverance, flexibility, physical coordination, and physical balance (P = 0.003, P = 0.002, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, physical fitness indicated a significant positive correlation with physical selfconcept (P = 0.002, r = 0.498). Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that core stability exercise, preferably along with vitamin D supplementation, can be prescribed to improve the physical fitness and self-concept of MS patients.

LINGUISTIC VALIDATION OF: ATHLETIC IDENTITY MEASUREMENT SCALE (AIMS-PLUS) IN PAKISTANI ATHLETES

Muneeb-ul-Haq, Dr. Fatima Kamran, Dr. Rafia Rafique — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The variety of the sports athletes worldwide possess a great need for cross-culturally validated research instruments or scales. In the past few years, the AIMS-Plus (Cieslak, 2004) a shorter edition was translated, validated and adapted in different languages, cultures and countries, therefore, we aimed to translate it in Urdu language for Pakistani Athletes. Initially AIMS consisted of 15 items but a recent and most commonly used updated version in this study, AIMS-Plus contained 10 items. This scale measures athlete's social, cognitive and affective/ emotional sports-related identities assessing their opinions, beliefs and routine life. It also evaluates their attachment and association to sports. A high Reliability coefficients was found .82. Each item was assessed on a seven-point Likert scale. AIMS-Plus was utilized in several studies, investigating sports athletes from diverse populations. The present study was validated on Pakistani Athletes (N = 220) with an age range of M=24.35, SD=5.6. A Factor analysis through Structural Equation Modelling SEM-AMOS, was carried out using the confirmatory approach and validated the factorial structure. Results revealed strong psychometric properties of AIMS-Plus which are in line with those of the initial validation studies. These findings imply that AIMS-plus appears to be an acceptable psychometric tool and a good scale to be investigated in athlete’s identity-related researches and intervention.

THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY OF PULSED ELECTRO MAGNETIC FIELD (PEFM) IN ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS PATIENTS

Ifra Zameer, Saifullah Khan, Noman Ahmed — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Objective The objective of the study is to analyse the effiecny of Pulsed Electro Magnetic Field (PEFM) for the management of adhesive capsulitis. Setting and time Data was gathered from “Body Works ortho- NeuroSports Physical Therapy & Megnato therapy Center Karachi. Six months after the synopsis approval. Sampling Simple random sampling technique Method This is an experimental study conducted on 30 patients with frozen shoulder were randomly selected and treated with pulsed electromagnetic field therapy group. The participants who were willing join the study and including middle age (40-65 years). Participants suffering from pain at least 03 months diagnosed as adhesive capsulitis were selected and data collected from Body Works Ortho- NeuroSports Physical Therapy & Megnato therapy Center in Karachi Pakistan. Study was continuing for 6 weeks and a total number of 30 treatment sessions were given to each patient with 5 sessions per week. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 23 and T- test was applied. To analyse the pre and post treatment differences. Results This study showed that 80% female are suffering from the adhesive capsulitis. And most effective shoulder is right one. SADPI score showed significant difference of per and post treatment pain and disability at p value 0.005. Conclusion PEMF is fruitful approach for the management of the adhesive capsulitis.

EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY OF COLLEGIATE FEMALE BADMINTON ATHLETES

Uzma Hassan, Dr. Tasleem Arif, Dr. Syed Zia-Ul-Islam — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Plyometric Training on flexibility of Collegiate Female Badminton Athletes. This study highlighted the impact of 12 weeks of plyometric training upon the selected physical parameter such as flexibility in females aged range 16-22 years. The subjects/participants were randomly assigned into two equal groups (n=20). All the subjects/participants were divided in to two groups with 10 subjects each as experimental and control group. Flexibility measure through sits and reach box. The results of the physical parameter i-e flexibility of female badminton athletes improved after the 12-week plyometric training program. Mean and standard value showed improvement as the pre-flexibility means was 27.60000 ± 5.274677, and the post flexibility value is 39.10000 ± 5.108816 respectively. Further, t values (10) = -5.983 the p-values are lesser than the significant values, 0.05 > .000. Flexibility was significantly improved after post-training. It is concluded that 12-weeks plyometric training program has an effect on the selected physical parameters i-e flexibility post-intervention of college-level female badminton athletes. Additionally, the anthropometric variables were also entertained such as weight and waist hip ratio. Both were significantly improved after post-training. Hence, it is recommended that, College authorities may provide maximum chances to the female athletes to participate in badminton games on regular basis to improve the selected physical parameters of flexibility

FACTORS AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH DOPING AMONG CHESS PLAYERS OF PAKISTAN

Muhammad Saleem Akhtar, Alamgir Khan, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt — Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Doping is a severe problem in sports; many athletes use various substances to promote/enhance their performance without awareness of the side effects. So, this research study assessed the factors responsible for doping among Chess players in Pakistan. The researcher applied a qualitative approach to achieve the desired results/conclusion. The study population comprised all the Chess players of Pakistan; thus, a representative sample using the LRGay (1998) formula was applied. For data collection, the researcher developed a Likert-type scale under the supervision of his research supervisor; thus, validity and reliability were also ensured. For data collection, the developed questionnaire was personally served by the researcher and collected after the respondents filled it out. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version - 26); thus, suitable statistical tools were applied, and thus, based on analysis, the researcher concluded that social factors like fame, peer pressure, encounter jealousy, fun and mainly responsible factors caused doping among Chess players. Similarly, the researcher concludes that anxiety, stress, fear of Loss, and fear of coach are psychological causative agents of doping. The researcher also concluded that many athletes use drugs/doping to improve stamina, focus and neuromuscular coordination, which is also responsible for doping among athletes. Finally, the researcher also concluded that many athletes are aware of doping and its side effects, but due to the above-stated factors, they are involved in doping