Effect of Strain on Growth Performance and Body Measurements of Broiler Chickens Fed Aqueous Bitter Leaf Extract
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v9i1.7709Keywords:
Bitter leaf, Broiler strains, Growth performance, Body measurements, PhytoadditiveAbstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of strain on growth performance and body measurement indices of broiler chickens that fed an aqueous extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). The study was conducted at the poultry unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A total of 153-day-old broiler chicks 51 each of Cobb- 500, Ross-308, and Abor Acre were procured from a commercial hatchery (Mhido Farms). The chicks were randomly assigned in a 3 × 3 completely randomized design, receiving the same commercial feed and drinking water supplemented with aqueous bitter leaf extract at a concentration of 25 ml per liter, offered ad libitum for a period of eight weeks. Routine medication and vaccination schedules, as prescribed by the University Teaching and Research Farm, were followed, along with adherence to ethical guidelines. The results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) among the three broiler strains in terms of final body weight (ranging from 2359.5 to 2536.6 g), average daily weight gain (38.41 to 41.38 g), and feed conversion ratio (2.39 to 2.47), demonstrating that strain has a measurable effect on performance under bitter leaf extract supplementation.
References
Abd-Alla, H. I., Heba-tollah, M. S., El-Kashak, W. A., & El-Safty, M. M. (2019). Evaluation of immune boosting properties and combating of multiple respiratory viral infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(6s).
Abdel?Moneim, A. M. E., Shehata, A. M., Alzahrani, S. O., Shafi, M. E., Mesalam, N. M., Taha, A. E., ... & Abd El?Hack, M. E. (2020). The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6), 1851-1866.
Abdul Basit, M., Abdul Kadir, A., Loh, T. C., Abdul Aziz, S., Salleh, A., Kaka, U., & Banke Idris, S. (2020). Effects of inclusion of different doses of Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) in broiler chicken feed on biochemical and haematological blood indicators and liver histomorphological changes. Animals, 10(7), 1209.
Achuba, F. I. (2018). Role of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract in prevention of renal toxicity induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets in rats. International journal of veterinary science and medicine, 6(2), 172-177.
Adedapo, A. A., Aremu, O. J., & Oyagbemi, A. A. (2014). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the acetone leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in some laboratory animals. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 4(Suppl 2), 591.
Adedokun, S. A., & Olojede, O. C. (2019). Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: the role of nutrients and feed additives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 348.
Adekanmi, A. A., Adekanmi, U. T., Adekanmi, A. S., & Oyekanmi, H. A. (2020). Assessment of proximate composition and phytochemical properties of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and water leaf (Talinum triangular). United International Journal for Research & Technology, 1(9), 13-21.
Akinmoladun, I. A., Akinmoladun, A. F., & Oladipo, A. A. (2007). Antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina Del. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10(1), 63-68.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I., Karthik, K., ... & Dhama, K. (2021). Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health–a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1), 1-29.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I., Karthik, K., ... & Dhama, K. (2021). Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health–a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1), 1-29.
Alagbe, J. O. (2019). Haematology, serum biochemistry, relative organ weight and bacteria count of broiler chicken given different levels of Luffa aegyptiaca leaf extracts. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 7(4), 382-392.
Ali, M., Muazu, L., Diso, S. U., & Ibrahim, I. S. (2020). Determination of proximate, phytochemicals and minerals composition of vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Nutraceutical Research, 1(1), 1-8.
Ambriz-Pérez, D. L., Leyva-López, N., Gutierrez-Grijalva, E. P., & Heredia, J. B. (2016). Phenolic compounds: Natural alternative in inflammation treatment. A Review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1131412. Anilakumar, K. R., Kumar, G. P., & Ilaiyaraja, N. (2015). Nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal properties of Momordica charantia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 4(1), 75-83.
Ansari, J., Khan, S. H., ul Haq, A., & Yousaf, M. (2012). Effect of the levels of Azadirachta indica dried leaf meal as phytogenic feed additive on the growth performance and haemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 40(4), 336-345.
Bender, D. A., & Cunningham, S. M. (2021). Introduction to nutrition and metabolism. CRC Press. Bommakanti, V., Puthenparambil Ajikumar, A., Sivi, C. M., Prakash, G., Mundanat, A. S., Ahmad, F., ... & Rana, S. S. (2023). An overview of herbal nutraceuticals, their extraction, formulation, therapeutic effects and potential toxicity. Separations, 10(3), 177.
Cardoso Dal Pont, G., Farnell, M., Farnell, Y., & Kogut, M. H. (2020). Dietary factors as triggers of low-grade chronic intestinal inflammation in poultry. Microorganisms, 8(1), 139.
Chang, A. L. E. X. (2016, October). Breeder perspective-how to best achieve the genetic potential of modern broilers. In Proceedings of the New Zealand Poultry industry Conference (Vol. 13, pp. 4-5).
Daramola, O. T., Oloruntola, O. D., & Ayodele, S. O. (2018). Nutritional evaluation of bitter leaf meal (Vernonia amygdalina): effects on performance, carcass and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 20(2), 211-221.
Dare, A. K. O. (2022). Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Ethanolic Extracts as Additives on the Performance of West African Dwarf Sheep (master’s thesis, Kwara State University (Nigeria)
Du, X., Qin, P., Liu, Y., Amevor, F. K., Shu, G., Li, D., & Zhao, X. (2022). Effects of Key Farm Management Practices on Pullets Welfare—A Review. Animals, 12(6), 729.
Edo, G. I., Samuel, P. O., Jikah, A. N., Onoharigho, F. O., Idu, L. I., Obasohan, P., ... & Owigho, J. E. (2023). Biological and bioactive components of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina leaf): insight into health and nutritional benefits. A review. Food Chemistry Advances, 3, 100488.
Edo, G. I., Samuel, P. O., Jikah, A. N., Onoharigho, F. O., Idu, L. I., Obasohan, P., ... & Owigho, J. E. (2023). Biological and bioactive components of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina leaf): insight into health and nutritional benefits. A review. Food Chemistry Advances, 3, 100488.
Etuah, S., Ohene-Yankyera, K., Liu, Z., Mensah, J. O., & Lan, J. (2020). Determinants of cost inefficiency in poultry production: Evidence from small-scale broiler farms in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Tropical animal health and production, 52, 1149-1159.
Farinacci, P., Mevissen, M., Ayrle, H., Maurer, V., Dalgaard, T. S., Melzig, M. F., & Walkenhorst, M. (2022). Medicinal plants for prophylaxis and therapy of common infectious diseases in poultry–a systematic review of in vivo studies. Planta medica, 88(03/04), 200-217.
Faye, B., & Bengoumi, M. (2018). Camel clinical biochemistry and hematology (pp. 173-216). Cham (Switzerland): Springer.
Folajinmi, A. F., & Peter, A. O. (2020). Financial management practices and performance of small and medium scale poultry industry in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(2), 90.
Garba, Z. N., & Oviosa, S. (2019). The effect of different drying methods on the elemental and nutritional composition of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), 396-401.
Gilani, S. M. H., Zehra, S., Galani, S., & Ashraf, A. (2018). The effect of natural growth promotes immunity, and biochemical and haematological parameters of broiler chickens. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17(4), 627-633.
Gous, R. M. (2007). The Use of Feed Intake Data in Poultry Nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137(1-2), 1-20.
Hartcher, K. M., & Lum, H. K. (2020). Genetic selection of broilers and welfare consequences: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 76(1), 154-167.
Ijeh, I. I., & Ejike, C. E. C. C. (2011). Current perspectives on the medicinal potential of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of medicinal plants research, 5(7), 1051-1061.
Ikorodu, L. N., & Ikorodu, L. N. (2014). Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia Amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) and its effect on some biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats.
Imaga, N. O., & Bamigbetan, D. O. (2013). In vivo biochemical assessment of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf). International Journal of Nutrition and metabolism, 5(2), 22-27.
Imaga, N. O., & Bamigbetan, D. O. (2013). In vivo biochemical assessment of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf). International Journal of Nutrition and metabolism, 5(2), 22-27.
Ishola, I. S., Adegoke, A. E., & Adefisola, B. A. (2017). Comparative study of condiment vegetables; Basil Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). American Journal Food Nutrition, 5(3), 95-98.
Islam, M. S., & Mustari, S. (2017). Management Practices and Feed Supplements on the Growth of Two Chicken Breeds (Gallus Domesticus L.) under Smallholders’ Farm Conditions: Case of Rajshahi. ABC J. Adv. Res, 6(2), 99-112.
Jha, R., & Mishra, P. (2021). Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12, 1-16.
Jia, S., Shen, M., Zhang, F., & Xie, J. (2017). Recent advances in Momordica charantia: functional components and biological activities. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2555. Johnson, M., Kolawole, O. S., & Olufunmilayo, L. A. (2015). Phytochemical analysis, in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 4(5), 411-426. Kawu, Y. U. (2023). Evaluation of Dietary Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Leaf Powder as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Haematology, Serum Biochemistry, Carcass and Organ Indices of Broiler Chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(1), 40-51.
Kestin, S. C., McCorquodale, C., &Warriss, P. D. (1992). Water Intake of Broilers. Poultry Science, 71(5), 752-757.
Kikusato, M. (2021). Phytobiotics to improve health and production of broiler chickens: functions beyond the antioxidant activity. Animal Bioscience, 34(3), 345.
Manore, M. M. (2012). Dietary supplements for improving body composition and reducing body weight: where is the evidence? International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 22(2), 139-154.
Mebratie, W. S. (2019). The genetics of body weight and feed efficiency in broiler chickens. Wageningen University and Research. Mgbemena,
N. M., & Amako, N. F. (2020). Comparative analysis of the phytochemicals, proximate and mineral compositions of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) leaves. Int J Biochem Res Rev, 29, 1-9.
Mukaila, R., Folorunso, D. K., & Falola, A. (2023). DRIVERS OF PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BROILER PRODUCTION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 71(4).
Nasser, A. A., Gali, S. G., & Tona, I. I. (2019). Genetic Variation in Poultry Performance Responses to Dietary Supplements. Poultry Science Journal, 98(5), 1245-1254.
Nerurkar, P. V., Lee, Y. K., & Nerurkar, V. R. (2010). Momordica charantia (bitter melon) inhibits primary human adipocyte differentiation by modulating adipogenic genes. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10, 1-10.
Noah, A. A., & Alaba, K. E. (2020). Proximate and mineral composition of five leafy vegetables commonly consumed in ogun state.
Nodu, M. B., Okpeku, M., Akpoveta, Z. A., & Iroegbu, D. O. (2016). Evaluation of Azadirachta indica leave extract on hematology and biochemical profiles, organs weight and growth parameters of broiler chickens. Journal of New Sciences, 32.
Nunes, R. M., & da Silva, L. C. (2020). Interactions Between Genetics and Nutrition in Poultry. Animal Nutrition, 6(1), 5-14.
Nunes, R. M., & da Silva, L. C. (2020). Interactions Between Genetics and Nutrition in Poultry. Animal Nutrition, 6(1), 5-14. Nwaoguikpe, R. N. (2010). The effect of extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(3). Ogidi, O. I., George, D. G., & Esie, N. G. (2019). Ethnopharmacological properties of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leave) medicinal plant. J. Med. Plants, 7(2), 175-181.
Ogidi, O. I., George, D. G., & Esie, N. G. (2019). Ethnopharmacological properties of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leave) medicinal plant. J. Med. Plants, 7(2), 175-181.
Okunlola, G. O., Jimoh, M. A., Olatunji, O. A., Rufai, A. B., & Omidiran, A. O. (2019). Proximate analysis, mineral composition, and antioxidant properties of bitter leaf and scent leaf. International journal of vegetable science, 25(4), 346-354. 1270-1290.
Olarewaju, O. O., Fajinmi, O. O., Naidoo, K. K., Arthur, G. D., & Coopoosamy, R. M. (2022). A review of the medicinal plants with immune-boosting potential. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 6(1), 15.
Olorunwa, O. J. (2018). Economic analysis of broiler production in Lagos State poultry estate, Nigeria. Journal of Investment and Management, 7(1), 35-44.
Olugbemi, T. S., et al. (2010). Nutritional Evaluation of Bitter Leaf Extract on Poultry. Poultry Science Journal.
Oluwafemi, F., Akinmoladun, O., & Adetunji, C. (2020). Effect of Herbal Supplements on Broiler Chickens. Journal of Animal Science. OmojateGodstime, C., Enwa Felix, O., Jewo Augustina, O., & Eze Christopher, O. (2014). Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens–a review. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci, 2(2), 77-85.
Osho, I. B., Akindahunsi, A., Igbasan, F. A., & Adekunle, D. J. (2014). Effect of orally administered bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract on the growth performance and haematological parameters of broiler chicken. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 6(10), 251-256.
Pandey, A., Pradheep, K., & Sharma, N. (2014). Potential introduced medicinal plant African bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) in India: botany, propagation and uses. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 6(4), 272-276.
Pehlivan, F. E. (2021). Bitter Melon: a multifunctional medicinal plant with powerful bioactive compounds. Functional Foods-Phytochemicals and Health Promoting Potential. Ponnampalam,
E. N., Kiani, A., Santhiravel, S., Holman, B. W., Lauridsen, C., & Dunshea, F. R. (2022). The importance of dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress, meat and milk production, and their preservative aspects in farm animals: Antioxidant action, animal health, and product quality—Invited review. Animals, 12(23), 3279.
Rafiei, F., & Khajali, F. (2021). Flavonoid antioxidants in chicken meat production: Potential application and future trends. World's Poultry Science Journal, 77(2), 347-361.
Rahman, M. M., Rahaman, M. S., Islam, M. R., Hossain, M. E., Mannan Mithi, F., Ahmed, M., ... & Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. (2021). Multifunctional therapeutic potential of phytocomplexes and natural extracts for antimicrobial properties. Antibiotics, 10(9), 1076.
Rahman, S. (2015). Management of broiler farms in Aizawl district of Mizoram, India. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(4). Ríos-Hoyo, A., & Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G. (2016). New dietary supplements for obesity: what we currently know. Current obesity reports, 5, 262-270.
Saeed, F., Afzaal, M., Niaz, B., Arshad, M. U., Tufail, T., Hussain, M. B., & Javed, A. (2018). Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): A natural healthy vegetable. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1),
Seidavi, A., Tavakoli, M., Slozhenkina, M., Gorlov, I., Hashem, N. M., Asroosh, F., ... & Swelum, A. A. (2021). The use of some plant-derived products as effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in organic poultry production: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 47856-47868.
Selim, S., Abdel-Megeid, N. S., Khalifa, H. K., Fakiha, K. G., Majrashi, K. A., & Hussein, E. (2022). Efficacy of various feed additives on performance, nutrient digestibility, bone quality, blood constituents, and phosphorus absorption and utilization of broiler chickens fed low phosphorus diet. Animals, 12(14), 1742.
Sur, S., & Ray, R. B. (2020). Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), a nutraceutical approach for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancers, 12(8), 2064.
Tallentire, C. W., Leinonen, I., & Kyriazakis, I. (2016). Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 1-16.
Ugbogu, E. A., Emmanuel, O., Dike, E. D., Agi, G. O., Ugbogu, O. C., Ibe, C., & Iweala, E. J. (2021). The phytochemistry, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological potentials of the medicinal plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf). Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology, 1(1), 100006.
Ugbogu, E. A., Emmanuel, O., Dike, E. D., Agi, G. O., Ugbogu, O. C., Ibe, C., & Iweala, E. J. (2021). The phytochemistry, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological potentials of the medicinal plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf). Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology, 1(1), 100006.
Ukoha, O. A., Onunkwo, D. N., Ewetola, I. O., & Goodluck, C. N. (2022). Effect of Bitterleaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal on Haematology and Serum Chemistry of Broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 49(4), 88-96.
Upadhaya, S. D., & Kim, I. H. (2017). Efficacy of phytogenic feed additive on performance, production and health status of monogastric animals–a review. Annals of Animal Science, 17(4), 929-948.
Vinayagam, R., Jayachandran, M., & Xu, B. (2016). Antidiabetic effects of simple phenolic acids: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy research, 30(2), 184-199.
Willard, M. D., & Tvedten, H. (2011). Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods. Elsevier Health Sciences. Yakubu, N., Amuzat, A. O., & Hamzah, R. U. (2012). Effect of Processing Methods on the Nutritional Contents of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). Zhang, C., Hao, E., Chen, X., Huang, C., Liu, G., Chen, H., ... & Chen, Y. (2023). Dietary fiber level improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune and intestinal morphology of broilers from day 22 to 42. Animals, 13(7), 1227.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
papers are accepted on the understanding that the work has been submitted exclusively to the journal and has not been previously published. Authors will be supplied with copyright form, which must be completed and returned to the publisher. Papers will not be published until the signed copyright disclaimer has been received.
Kindly download the copyright for below and attach as a supplimentry file during article submission
