Aflatoxin Contamination in Cotton Seed Cake Used as Dietary Supplement in Cattle in Dairy Farms of Sindh
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Abstract
The cotton seedcake is most widely used food supplement for dairy cattle in Sindh. Cotton seedcakes (CSCs) when not properly maintained under optimal conditions, lead to mold colonization, which causes aflatoxicosis in dairy farm animals. The aflatoxin (AFB1) is transmitted through milk (AFM1) and possibly pose great risk to human health. In the current study, prevalence and quantification of Aflatoxin in CSC has been carried out using the ELISA technique. Total 315 CSC samples were collected from dairy farms located in three zones of Sindh, i.e., the southern zone (districts Karachi, Thatta, Hyderabad), central zone (districts Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, Shaheed Benazir Abad) and northern zone (districts Naushahro Feroze, Sukkur, and Larkana). The findings suggest that AFB1 levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the samples obtained from southern zone as compared to central and northern zone. Although, except Karachi (AFB1 level 7.52 µg/kg), all other districts of all three zones were statistically non-significant, therefore, it is concluded that Karachi has high contamination of Aflatoxin contamination in CSC which may possibly cause the health risks in the population of area.
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Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani, Atta Hussain Shah, Gul Bahar Khaskheli, & Zubair Ahmed Leghari. (2022). Aflatoxin Contamination in Cotton Seed Cake Used as Dietary Supplement in Cattle in Dairy Farms of Sindh. Sindh University Research Journal - SURJ (Science Series), 54(1). https://doi.org/10.26692/surj.v54i1.4495
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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[27]. Shar, Z. H., O. Pirkash, H. H. Shar, S. T. H. Sherazi & S. A. Mahesar (2020). Aflatoxins in cotton seeds and cotton seed cake from Pakistan. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 13:1, 72-76.
[2]. Khilosia, L. D (2011). A Surveillance Study of Mycotoxins in the South African Industry with Specific Reference to Aflatoxin B1 in Feed and Aflatoxin M1 in Farm Gate and Selected Commercially Available Dairy Milk. University of Johannesburg, 001 – 430.
[3]. Yunus, A. W., M. Sulyok and J. Böhm (2015). Mycotoxin cocktail in the samples of oilseed cake from early maturing cotton varieties associated with cattle feeding problems. Toxins, 7(6): 2188–2197.
[4]. WHO (World Health Organization) (2018). Food Safety Digest. Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses. Updated risk assessment on aflatoxins undertaken by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
[5]. PES (2021). Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-2021. Government of Pakistan, Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Islamabad.
[6]. Allcroft, R and R. B. A. Carnaghan (1963). Groundnut toxicity: an examination for toxin in human food products from animals fed toxic groundnut meal. Veterinary Record, 75: 259-263.
[7]. Van Egmond, H. P (1989). Aflatoxin M1: Occurrence, toxicity, regulation. in: Mycotoxins in Dairy Products. Chapter 2. H. P. van Egmond, ed. Elsevier Applied Science, New York: 11-55.
[8]. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2004. Opinion on the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 39: 1-27. [9]. Cotty, P. J (2001). Cottonseed losses and mycotoxins: Compendium of Cotton Diseases. T. L. Kirkpatrick and C. S. Rothrock, Eds. The American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul, MN: 9-13.
[10]. Fung. F and R. F. Clark (2004). Health Effects of Mycotoxins: A Toxicological Overview. Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology, 42(2):21734. Doi: 10.1081/CLT-120030947.
[11]. Zinedine, A., L. Gonzalez-Osnaya., J. M. Soriano., J. C. Molto., L. Idrissi and J. Manes (2007). Presence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk from Morocoo. Food Control, 114: 25 – 29.
[12]. Yiannikouris, A. and J. Jonany (2002). Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: A review. Animal Resources, 51: 81-99.
[13]. Chohan, K. A., F. Awan., M. M. Ali., U. Iqbal and M. Ijaz (2016). Assessment of Aflatoxin in Dairy Concentrate Feeds, Total Mixed Rations, Silage and Various Feed Ingredients in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 48(1): 277-280.
[14]. Iheshiulor, O. O. M., B. O. Esonu., O. K. Chuwuka., A. A. Omede., I. C. Okoli and I. P. Ogbuewu (2011). Effect of mycotoxins in animal nutrition: A review. Asian Journal of Animal Science, 5(1): 1933.
[15]. Thanushree, M. P., D. Sailendri., K. S. Yoha., J. A. Moses and A. Chinnaswamy (2019). Mycotoxin contamination in food: An exposition on spices. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 93. Doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.010.
[16]. Edwards, S and P. Jennings (2018). Impact of agronomic factors on fusarium mycotoxins in harvested wheat. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 35: 1-12. Doi: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1543954.
[17]. Meyer, H., Z. D. Skhosana., M. Motlanthe., W. Louw and E. Rohwer (2019). Long Term Monitoring (2014– 2018) of Multi-Mycotoxins in South African Commercial Maize and Wheat with a Locally Developed and Validated LC-MS/MS Method. Toxins, 11, 271. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050271
[18]. Leslie, J. F and A. F. Logrieco (2014). Mycotoxin reduction in grain chains. Willey Blackwell, Manuscript no. 14-068-B from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. ISBN 978-1-118-83286-8.
[19]. Daou, R., K. Joubrane., L. R. Khabbaz., R. G. Maroun., A. Ismail and A. El Khoury (2021). Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in imported and Lebanese wheat and -products. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 14(3): 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2021.19 33203.
[20]. Lu, C. F (2003). Assessment of safety risk vs Public health concerns: Aflatoxins and Hepato-carcinoma. Health and preventative medicine, 7: 235 – 238.
[21]. Ilyas, F (2011). Contaminated feed: Over 900 milch animals fall sick in Landhi. Daily Dawn, 10 October: 18.
[22]. WHO (World Health Organization) (2017). Evaluation of certain contaminants in food (Eighty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series WHO Technical Report Series, No.1002.
[23]. WHO (World Health Organization) (2002). Evaluation of certain mycotoxins (Fifty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 906.
[24]. ProGnosis Biotech, S. A (2015). BioShield M1 Milk & Youghurt and BioShield Aflatoxin Total Extra Sensitive, immunoassay method for determination of the Aflatoxin M1 in Milk & Yoghurt and total Aflatoxin in grains, nuts, spices, cereals and other commodities including animal feed, respectively. www.prognosisbiotech.com
[25]. Diaz, D. E., W. M. Jr. Hagler., J. T. Blackwelder., J. A. Eve., B. A. Hopkins., K. L. Anderson., F. T. Jones and L. W. Whitlow (2004). Aflatoxin binders ii: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia, 157: 233–241.
[26]. Abyaneh, H. K., A. Bahonar., N. Noori., H. Yazdanpanah and M. H. S. Aliabadi (2020). The overall and variations of Aflatoxin M1 contamination of milk in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Food Chemistry, Volume 310, 125848.
[27]. Shar, Z. H., O. Pirkash, H. H. Shar, S. T. H. Sherazi & S. A. Mahesar (2020). Aflatoxins in cotton seeds and cotton seed cake from Pakistan. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 13:1, 72-76.