Efficacy of Intensified Parameters in the Trickle Bed Reactors Towards an Optimum Performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
The up-gradation in Trickle bed reactors performance obtained by varying process hydrodynamics and raw feed materials to acquire a uniform reactive region. The primary objective of this review study is to develop novel empirical approach which solely exemplifies the reaction setup and hydrodynamics for better reactor performance. The transformation of single phase into the intermediate phase and then to product is quite dependent on raw material characteristics and reactor’s geometrical features. The main streams in these reactors are fed at high pressure. The flow region in Trickle bed reactor depends upon pressure drop, fixed bed temperature and hydrodynamics of the liquid phases. The experiments on reaction rate are concerned with mass transfer diffusion between the reactive phases. It is observed that diffusion rate is decreased by increasing the liquid recycling. Hence, the reaction rate becomes lower and it effects the overall yield of the Trickle bed reactor. In conclusion, this review study gives the understanding of the hydrodynamics and its dependencies on various factors such as particles void fraction, product yield, reactive flow region and liquid phase velocity. It results in a novel solution which elaborates the complex reaction and phase dynamics. The shock waves recorded from the Trickle bed reactor column confirm reaction on catalyst bed. The Trickle bed reactor is helpful in dealing the processes with high pressure and temperature. This work forecasts better process selectivity for this model which makes it commercially successful.
Article Details
How to Cite
Saadat Ullah Khan Suri, Mohammad Siddique, Suhail Ahmed Soomro, & Shaheen Aziz. (2022). Efficacy of Intensified Parameters in the Trickle Bed Reactors Towards an Optimum Performance. Sindh University Research Journal - SURJ (Science Series), 54(1). https://doi.org/10.26692/surj.v54i1.4496
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
[1] E. H. Stitt, “Alternative multiphase reactors for fine chemicals: a world beyond stirred tanks?,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 90, no. 1–2, pp. 47–60, 2002.
[2] M. H. Al-Dahhan, F. Larachi, M. P. Dudukovic, and A. Laurent, “High-pressure trickle-bed reactors: a review,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 3292–3314, 1997.
[3] R. Lange, J. Hanika, D. Stradiotto, R. R. Hudgins, and P. L. Silveston, “Investigations of periodically operated trickle-bed reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 49, no. 24, pp. 5615–5621, 1994.
[4] A. T. Castellari and P. M. Haure, “Experimental study of the peridoic operation of a trickle‐bed reactor,” AIChE J., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1593–1597, 1995.
[5] L. Gabarain, A. T. Castellari, J. Cechini, A. Tobolski, and P. Haure, “Analysis of rate enhancement in a periodically operated trickle‐bed reactor,” AIChE J., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 166–172, 1997.
[6] J. G. Boelhouwer, H. W. Piepers, and A. A. H. Drinkenburg, “The induction of pulses in trickle-bed reactors by cycling the liquid feed,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2605–2614, 2001.
[7] T. K. Houlding and E. V Rebrov, “Application of alternative energy forms in catalytic reactor engineering,” Green Process. Synth., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19–31, 2012.
[8] M. Latifi, F. Berruti, and C. Briens, “A novel fluidized and induction heated microreactor for catalyst testing,” Aiche J., vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3107–3122, 2014.
[9] M. P. Duduković, F. Larachi, and P. L. Mills, “Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends,” Catal. Rev., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 123–246, 2002.
[10] J. G. Boelhouwer, H. W. Piepers, and A. A. H. Drinkenburg, “Particle–liquid heat transfer in trickle-bed reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1181–1187, 2001.
[11] P. L. Silveston and J. Hanika, “Challenges for the periodic operation of trickle-bed catalytic reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 16, pp. 3373–3385, 2002.
[12] S. Chatterjee, V. Degirmenci, F. Aiouache, and E. V Rebrov, “Design of a radio frequency heated isothermal micro-trickle bed reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 243, pp. 225–233, 2014.
[13] N. A. Tsochatzidis, A. J. Karabelas, D. Giakoumakis, and G. A. Huff, “An investigation of liquid maldistribution in trickle beds,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 17, pp. 3543–3555, 2002.
[14] M. R. Khadilkar, M. H. Al-Dahhan, and M. P. Duduković, “Multicomponent flow-transport-reaction modeling of trickle bed reactors: application to unsteady state liquid flow modulation,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 44, no. 16, pp. 6354–6370, 2005.
[15] N. A. Tsochatzidis and A. J. Karabelas, “Properties of pulsing flow in a trickle bed,” AIChE J., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2371–2382, 1995.
[16] W. Cao, E. Song, D. Shen, and M. Wang, “Cometabolism of Fluoroanilines in the Presence of 4-Fluoroaniline by Ralstonia sp. FD-1,” J. Chem., vol. 2015, 2015.
[17] Y.-M. Chen, T.-F. Lin, C. Huang, J.-C. Lin, and F.-M. Hsieh, “Degradation of phenol and TCE using suspended and chitosan-bead immobilized Pseudomonas putida,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 660–670, 2007.
[18] K.-S. Cho, H. W. Ryu, and N. Y. Lee, “Biological deodorization of hydrogen sulfide using porous lava as a carrier of Thiobacillus thiooxidans,” J. Biosci. Bioeng., vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 25–31, 2000.
[19] C. S. Criddle, “The kinetics of cometabolism,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1048–1056, 1993.
[20] A. Y. Dursun and O. Tepe, “Internal mass transfer effect on biodegradation of phenol by Ca-alginate immobilized Ralstonia eutropha,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 126, no. 1–3, pp. 105–111, 2005.
[21] A. Habibi and F. Vahabzadeh, “Degradation of formaldehyde at high concentrations by phenol-adapted Ralstonia eutropha closely related to pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part A, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 279–292, 2013.
[22] S. A. Al-Naimi, F. T. J. Al-Sudani, and E. K. Halabia, “Hydrodynamics and flow regime transition study of trickle bed reactor at elevated temperature and pressure,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 930–939, 2011.
[23] A. Burghardt, G. Bartelmus, D. Janecki, and A. Szlemp, “Hydrodynamics of a three-phase fixed-bed reactor operating in the pulsing flow regime at an elevated pressure,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 22–23, pp. 4855–4863, 2002.
[24] J. Charpentier and M. Favier, “Some liquid holdup experimental data in trickle‐bed reactors for foaming and nonfoaming hydrocarbons,” AIChE J., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1213–1218, 1975.
[25] J. Guo and M. Al-Dahhan, “Liquid holdup and pressure drop in the gas–liquid cocurrent downflow packed-bed reactor under elevated pressures,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 59, no. 22–23, pp. 5387–5393, 2004.
[26] B. K. Singh, E. Jain, and V. V Buwa, “Feasibility of Electrical Resistance Tomography for measurements of liquid holdup distribution in a trickle bed reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 358, pp. 564–579, 2019.
[27] M. Sedighi, S. M. Zamir, and F. Vahabzadeh, “Cometabolic degradation of ethyl mercaptan by phenol-utilizing Ralstonia eutropha in suspended growth and gas-recycling trickle-bed reactor,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 165, pp. 53–61, 2016.
[28] Y. A. Ramírez-Tapias, C. W. Rivero, C. Giraldo-Estrada, C. N. Britos, and J. A. Trelles, “Biodegradation of vegetable residues by polygalacturonase-agar using a trickle-bed bioreactor,” Food Bioprod. Process., vol. 111, pp. 54–61, 2018.
[29] M. Maleki, M. Motamedi, M. Sedighi, S. M. Zamir, and F. Vahabzadeh, “Experimental study and kinetic modeling of cometabolic degradation of phenol and p-nitrophenol by loofa-immobilized Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 124–130, 2015.
[30] M. Sedighi, F. Vahabzadeh, S. M. Zamir, and A. Naderifar, “Ethanethiol degradation by Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. bioprocess Eng., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 827–833, 2013.
[31] O. Tepe and A. Y. Dursun, “Combined effects of external mass transfer and biodegradation rates on removal of phenol by immobilized Ralstonia eutropha in a packed bed reactor,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 9–16, 2008.
[32] M. Sedighi and F. Vahabzadeh, “Kinetic Modeling of cometabolic degradation of ethanethiol and phenol by Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. bioprocess Eng., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 239–249, 2014.
[33] H. Porté, P. G. Kougias, N. Alfaro, L. Treu, S. Campanaro, and I. Angelidaki, “Process performance and microbial community structure in thermophilic trickling biofilter reactors for biogas upgrading,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 655, pp. 529–538, 2019.
[34] Z. Chen et al., “Molecular-level kinetic modelling of fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil hydrotreating,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 195, pp. 619–630, 2019.
[35] M. A. Al-Obaidi, A. T. Jarullah, C. Kara-Zaitri, and I. M. Mujtaba, “Simulation of hybrid trickle bed reactor–reverse osmosis process for the removal of phenol from wastewater,” Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 113, pp. 264–273, 2018.
[36] G. Srinivasan, S. Sundaramoorthy, and D. V. R. Murthy, “Spiral wound reverse osmosis membranes for the recovery of phenol compounds-experimental and parameter estimation studies,” Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 2010.
[37] H. Shariff and M. H. Al-Dahhan, “Analyzing the impact of implementing different approaches of the approximation of the catalyst effectiveness factor on the prediction of the performance of trickle bed reactors,” Catal. Today, 2019.
[38] M. M. Ghouri, S. Afzal, R. Hussain, J. Blank, D. B. Bukur, and N. O. Elbashir, “Multi-scale modeling of fixed-bed Fischer Tropsch reactor,” Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 91, pp. 38–48, 2016.
[39] D. I. A. Dhanraj and V. V Buwa, “Effect of capillary pressure force on local liquid distribution in a trickle bed,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 191, pp. 115–133, 2018.
[40] Z. Solomenko, Y. Haroun, M. Fourati, F. Larachi, C. Boyer, and F. Augier, “Liquid spreading in trickle-bed reactors: Experiments and numerical simulations using Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 126, pp. 698–710, 2015.
[2] M. H. Al-Dahhan, F. Larachi, M. P. Dudukovic, and A. Laurent, “High-pressure trickle-bed reactors: a review,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 3292–3314, 1997.
[3] R. Lange, J. Hanika, D. Stradiotto, R. R. Hudgins, and P. L. Silveston, “Investigations of periodically operated trickle-bed reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 49, no. 24, pp. 5615–5621, 1994.
[4] A. T. Castellari and P. M. Haure, “Experimental study of the peridoic operation of a trickle‐bed reactor,” AIChE J., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1593–1597, 1995.
[5] L. Gabarain, A. T. Castellari, J. Cechini, A. Tobolski, and P. Haure, “Analysis of rate enhancement in a periodically operated trickle‐bed reactor,” AIChE J., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 166–172, 1997.
[6] J. G. Boelhouwer, H. W. Piepers, and A. A. H. Drinkenburg, “The induction of pulses in trickle-bed reactors by cycling the liquid feed,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2605–2614, 2001.
[7] T. K. Houlding and E. V Rebrov, “Application of alternative energy forms in catalytic reactor engineering,” Green Process. Synth., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19–31, 2012.
[8] M. Latifi, F. Berruti, and C. Briens, “A novel fluidized and induction heated microreactor for catalyst testing,” Aiche J., vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3107–3122, 2014.
[9] M. P. Duduković, F. Larachi, and P. L. Mills, “Multiphase catalytic reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future trends,” Catal. Rev., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 123–246, 2002.
[10] J. G. Boelhouwer, H. W. Piepers, and A. A. H. Drinkenburg, “Particle–liquid heat transfer in trickle-bed reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1181–1187, 2001.
[11] P. L. Silveston and J. Hanika, “Challenges for the periodic operation of trickle-bed catalytic reactors,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 16, pp. 3373–3385, 2002.
[12] S. Chatterjee, V. Degirmenci, F. Aiouache, and E. V Rebrov, “Design of a radio frequency heated isothermal micro-trickle bed reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 243, pp. 225–233, 2014.
[13] N. A. Tsochatzidis, A. J. Karabelas, D. Giakoumakis, and G. A. Huff, “An investigation of liquid maldistribution in trickle beds,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 17, pp. 3543–3555, 2002.
[14] M. R. Khadilkar, M. H. Al-Dahhan, and M. P. Duduković, “Multicomponent flow-transport-reaction modeling of trickle bed reactors: application to unsteady state liquid flow modulation,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 44, no. 16, pp. 6354–6370, 2005.
[15] N. A. Tsochatzidis and A. J. Karabelas, “Properties of pulsing flow in a trickle bed,” AIChE J., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2371–2382, 1995.
[16] W. Cao, E. Song, D. Shen, and M. Wang, “Cometabolism of Fluoroanilines in the Presence of 4-Fluoroaniline by Ralstonia sp. FD-1,” J. Chem., vol. 2015, 2015.
[17] Y.-M. Chen, T.-F. Lin, C. Huang, J.-C. Lin, and F.-M. Hsieh, “Degradation of phenol and TCE using suspended and chitosan-bead immobilized Pseudomonas putida,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 660–670, 2007.
[18] K.-S. Cho, H. W. Ryu, and N. Y. Lee, “Biological deodorization of hydrogen sulfide using porous lava as a carrier of Thiobacillus thiooxidans,” J. Biosci. Bioeng., vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 25–31, 2000.
[19] C. S. Criddle, “The kinetics of cometabolism,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1048–1056, 1993.
[20] A. Y. Dursun and O. Tepe, “Internal mass transfer effect on biodegradation of phenol by Ca-alginate immobilized Ralstonia eutropha,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 126, no. 1–3, pp. 105–111, 2005.
[21] A. Habibi and F. Vahabzadeh, “Degradation of formaldehyde at high concentrations by phenol-adapted Ralstonia eutropha closely related to pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part A, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 279–292, 2013.
[22] S. A. Al-Naimi, F. T. J. Al-Sudani, and E. K. Halabia, “Hydrodynamics and flow regime transition study of trickle bed reactor at elevated temperature and pressure,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 930–939, 2011.
[23] A. Burghardt, G. Bartelmus, D. Janecki, and A. Szlemp, “Hydrodynamics of a three-phase fixed-bed reactor operating in the pulsing flow regime at an elevated pressure,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 57, no. 22–23, pp. 4855–4863, 2002.
[24] J. Charpentier and M. Favier, “Some liquid holdup experimental data in trickle‐bed reactors for foaming and nonfoaming hydrocarbons,” AIChE J., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1213–1218, 1975.
[25] J. Guo and M. Al-Dahhan, “Liquid holdup and pressure drop in the gas–liquid cocurrent downflow packed-bed reactor under elevated pressures,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 59, no. 22–23, pp. 5387–5393, 2004.
[26] B. K. Singh, E. Jain, and V. V Buwa, “Feasibility of Electrical Resistance Tomography for measurements of liquid holdup distribution in a trickle bed reactor,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 358, pp. 564–579, 2019.
[27] M. Sedighi, S. M. Zamir, and F. Vahabzadeh, “Cometabolic degradation of ethyl mercaptan by phenol-utilizing Ralstonia eutropha in suspended growth and gas-recycling trickle-bed reactor,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 165, pp. 53–61, 2016.
[28] Y. A. Ramírez-Tapias, C. W. Rivero, C. Giraldo-Estrada, C. N. Britos, and J. A. Trelles, “Biodegradation of vegetable residues by polygalacturonase-agar using a trickle-bed bioreactor,” Food Bioprod. Process., vol. 111, pp. 54–61, 2018.
[29] M. Maleki, M. Motamedi, M. Sedighi, S. M. Zamir, and F. Vahabzadeh, “Experimental study and kinetic modeling of cometabolic degradation of phenol and p-nitrophenol by loofa-immobilized Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 124–130, 2015.
[30] M. Sedighi, F. Vahabzadeh, S. M. Zamir, and A. Naderifar, “Ethanethiol degradation by Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. bioprocess Eng., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 827–833, 2013.
[31] O. Tepe and A. Y. Dursun, “Combined effects of external mass transfer and biodegradation rates on removal of phenol by immobilized Ralstonia eutropha in a packed bed reactor,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 9–16, 2008.
[32] M. Sedighi and F. Vahabzadeh, “Kinetic Modeling of cometabolic degradation of ethanethiol and phenol by Ralstonia eutropha,” Biotechnol. bioprocess Eng., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 239–249, 2014.
[33] H. Porté, P. G. Kougias, N. Alfaro, L. Treu, S. Campanaro, and I. Angelidaki, “Process performance and microbial community structure in thermophilic trickling biofilter reactors for biogas upgrading,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 655, pp. 529–538, 2019.
[34] Z. Chen et al., “Molecular-level kinetic modelling of fluid catalytic cracking slurry oil hydrotreating,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 195, pp. 619–630, 2019.
[35] M. A. Al-Obaidi, A. T. Jarullah, C. Kara-Zaitri, and I. M. Mujtaba, “Simulation of hybrid trickle bed reactor–reverse osmosis process for the removal of phenol from wastewater,” Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 113, pp. 264–273, 2018.
[36] G. Srinivasan, S. Sundaramoorthy, and D. V. R. Murthy, “Spiral wound reverse osmosis membranes for the recovery of phenol compounds-experimental and parameter estimation studies,” Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 2010.
[37] H. Shariff and M. H. Al-Dahhan, “Analyzing the impact of implementing different approaches of the approximation of the catalyst effectiveness factor on the prediction of the performance of trickle bed reactors,” Catal. Today, 2019.
[38] M. M. Ghouri, S. Afzal, R. Hussain, J. Blank, D. B. Bukur, and N. O. Elbashir, “Multi-scale modeling of fixed-bed Fischer Tropsch reactor,” Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 91, pp. 38–48, 2016.
[39] D. I. A. Dhanraj and V. V Buwa, “Effect of capillary pressure force on local liquid distribution in a trickle bed,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 191, pp. 115–133, 2018.
[40] Z. Solomenko, Y. Haroun, M. Fourati, F. Larachi, C. Boyer, and F. Augier, “Liquid spreading in trickle-bed reactors: Experiments and numerical simulations using Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 126, pp. 698–710, 2015.