Dietary replacement of fish meal with soybean meal for the optimal growth of Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775) in seawater tanks
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Abstract
The core of the current study is to find out a different source of diet that stimulates better growth rate and low-cost feed for commercial fish milkfish Chanos chanos. This study was to assess the impact of partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in the diet of juvenile milkfish, Chanos chanos (initial weight 25 ± 0.6 g). The juveniles were fed with two types of iso-nitrogenous diets (40% crude protein). Plant protein source diet (D1) comprised of soybean meal 45% and 10% fish meal, while animal protein source diet (D2) contained fish meal 25% and soybean meal 30%. The trial was conducted with two replications for 60 days. Fish juveniles (10 each) were stocked in outdoor fiberglass seawater tanks (5000 Liters). Results revealed that final weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly lower in fish fed D2 diet. Fish fed D1 had better feed efficiency, weight gain (21.88 ± 1.9 g), and SGR (1.05 ± 0.3), while D2 had a lower growth rate, WG (18.71 ± 2.3 g) and SGR (0.93 ± 0.2). The maximum growth rate found on plant diet which is significantly higher weight gain than D2. In D2 feed conversion ratio (0.54 ± 0.21) was significantly higher (P≤0.05). Condition factor among both treatments did not differ significantly (P≥0.05). The survival rate remained constant (100%) in both treatments. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that 45% soybean meal with addition of 10% fishmeal (40% protein) is more effective than 30% soybean meal with addition of 25% fish meal to the omnivorous milkfish for aquaculture.
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IMTIAZ KASHANI, SHAHAB-UDIN, KISHWAR KUMAR KACHHI, ASMA FATIMA, NAZEER AHMED, & EHSAN MENGAL. (2022). Dietary replacement of fish meal with soybean meal for the optimal growth of Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775) in seawater tanks. Sindh University Research Journal - SURJ (Science Series), 54(2). https://doi.org/10.26692/surj.v54i2.5806
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References
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Alava, V. R and A. Kanazawa, (1996). Effect of dietary fatty acids on growth of Milkfish Chanos chanos fry in brackish water. Aquaculture. 144: 363–369.
Alava, V. R and C. Lim, (1988). Artificial diets for Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) fry reared in seawater. Aquaculture. 71: 339-346.
Amaya,E.A., D. A. Davis, D. B. Rouse, (2007). Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture. 262: 393 –401.
Azad, I. S., J. Syama Dayal, M. Poornima, and S. A. Ali, (2007). Supra dietary levels of vitamins C and E enhance antibody production and immune memory in juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) to formalin-killed Vibrio vulnificus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 23: 154-163.
Balito-Liboon, J. S., R. M. Ferdinand, T. B. Mary Jessa Bell, P. G. Emelyn Joy, M. E. Efren, L. Temario, Valeriano, and Jr. Corre, (2018). Dietary Soybean Lecithin Enhances Growth Performance, Feed Utilization Efficiency and Body Composition of Early Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 70: 1483, 9 pages.
Borlongan, I. G., C. L. Marte, and J. N. Nocillado, (2000). Development of larval diets for Milkfish (Chanos chanos). J. Appl. Ichthyol., 16: 68-72.
Borlongan, I.G., and R. M. Coloso, (1993). Requirement of juvenile Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) for essential amino acids. J. Nutr., 123: 125-132.
Carter, C.G and R.C. Hauler, (2000). Fish meal replacement by plant meals in extruded feeds for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture. 185; 299-311.
Cheng, J.H., D.W. Sun, X. A.Zeng, and D. Liu, (2015). Recent Advances in Methods and Techniques for Freshness Quality Determination and Evaluation of Fish and Fish Fillets: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55: 1012–1225.
Choubert, G., 2010. Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to varying dietary astaxanthin/canthaxanthin ratio: colour and carotenoid retention of the muscle. Aquaculture Nutrition. 16: 528–535.
Craig, S., and I. A. Helfrich, (2002). Understanding fish nutrition, feeds and feeding. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, pp. 420-256.
Divakaran, S., M. Velasco, E. Beyer, I. Forster, and A. G. Tacon, (2000). Soybean meal apparent digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei, including a critique of methodology. Avances en Nutrición Acuicola. 19-22.
Elkin, A., D. Amaya, D. Allen, and B. R. David, (2007). Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture. 262; 393 –401.
El-Saidy, D.M.S. and M. M. A. Gaber (2003). Replacement of fish meal with a mixture of different plant protein sources in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) diets. Aquaculture Research. 34: 1119-112.
El-Saidy D.M.S., (1999). Evaluation of cottonseed meal as partial and complete replacement of fish meal in practical diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 3;441-457.
Go, M. B., S. P. Velos, G. P. Bate, and A. S. Ilano, (2018). Growth Performance of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Fed Plant-Based Diets. Journal of Academic Research. 3: 18-29.
Gómez‐Requeni, P., M. Mingarro, J. A. Calduch‐Giner, F. Médale, S. A. M. Martin, D. F. Houlihan, and J. Pérez‐Sánchez, (2004). Protein growth performance, amino acid utilisation and somatotropic axis responsiveness to fish meal replacement by plant protein sources in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture. 232: 493–510.
Hernandez, C., J. Sarmiento-Pardo, B.Gonzalez-Rodriguez, I. Abdo de a Parra, (2004). Replacement of fish meal with co-extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone). Aquaculture Research. 36: 834–840.
Kader, M. A., M. Bulbul, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, S. Yokoyama, B. T. Nguyen, C. F. Komilus, (2012). Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture. 350-353: 109–116
Kaushik, S., D. Coves, G. Dutto, and D. Blanc, (2004). Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass. Dicentrarchus Labrax. Aquaculture. 230; 391–404.
Khan, N., N. A. Qureshi, M. Nasir, G. W. Vandenberg, M. S. Mughal, A. Maqbool, M. A. Jabbar, and N. Zikria, (2012). Effect of artificial feed on sensory attributes of flesh of Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala) fed in monoculture and polyculture systems. Pak. Vet. J., 32: 349-353.
Khan, M. A., I. Ahmed, and S. F. Abidi, (2004). Effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition. 10: 47-53.
Lie., (2001). Flesh quality - the role of nutrition. Aquaculture Research. 32; 341–348.
Magondu, E. W., M. Mokaya, A. Ototo, K. Nyakeya, and J. Nyamora, (2016). Growth performance of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fed on formulated and non-formulated diets made from locally available ingredients in South Coast region, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 4: 288-293.
Mokolensang, J. F., S. Yamasaki, and Y. Onoue, (2003). Utilization of Shochu distillery by-products for culturing the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Online J. biol. Sci., 3:502-507.
National Research Council (NRC)., (1993). Nutritional Requirements of Fish, 114 pp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. doi:10.17226/2115
Nochera, C. L and D. Ragone, (2016). Preparation of a Breadfruit Flour Bar. Foods. 5: 37. doi:10.3390/foods5020037
Ogunji, J., T. Summan, C. Schulz, and W. Kloas, (2008). Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus ed housefly maggot meal (Magmeal) diets. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 8: 141-147.
Oliva-Teles, A., P. Enes, and H. Peres, (2015). Replacing fishmeal and fish oil in industrial aquafeeds for carnivorous fish. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. 203-233.
Oyelese, O.A., (2007). Utilization of compounded ration and maggot in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Res. J. Appl. Sci., 2: 301-306.
Richard, L., A. Surget, V. Rigolet, S. J. Kaushik, and I. Geurden, (2011). Availability of essential amino acids, nutrient utilisation and growth in juvenile black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, following fishmeal replacement by plant protein. Aquaculture. 322-323: 109-116.
Rosas, V.T., J. M. Monserrat, M. Bessonart, L. A. Larisa Magnone, Luis, Alberto Romano, M. B. Tesser, (2019). Fish oil and meal replacement in mullet (Mugil liza) diet with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and linseed oil. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 218: 46–54.
Samocha, T., D. A. Davis, I. P. Saoud, and K. DeBault, (2004). Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 231; 197–203.
Shioya, I., K. Inoue, A. Abe, A. Takeshita, and T. Yamaguchi, (2011). Beneficial effects on meat quality of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata induced by diets containing red pepper. Fish Sci., 77: 883-889.
Sing, K. W., M. S. Kamarudin, J. J. Wilson, and M. S.
Azirun, (2014). Evaluation of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) maggot meal as an effective, sustainable replacement for fishmeal in the diet of farmed juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Pak. Vet. J., 34: 288-292.
Swastawati, F., (2004). The Effect of Smoking Duration on the Quality and DHA Composition of Milkfish (Chanos chanos F). Journal of Coastal Development. 7: 137-142.
Tacon, A.G.J., (2000). Rendered animal by-products: a necessity in aquafeeds for the new millennium. The Glob. Aquac. Advocate., 3: 18–19.
Tocher, D. R., (2015). Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective. Aquaculture. 449: 94–107.
Torstensen, B.E., M. Espe, M. Sanden, I. Stubhaug, R. Waagbø, G. I. Hemre, M. H. G. Berntssen, (2008). Novel production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protein based on the combined replacement of fish meal and fish oil with plant meal and vegetable oil blends. Aquaculture. 285: 193–200.
urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): Implementation for biological control. Bull. Entomol. Res. 91: 61-67.
[20] Waqas M. S., M. A. Aqueel, M. Afzal, A. B. M. Raza, M. Kamran, I. Mustafa, and M. A. Bakar. 2014. Influence of temperature on the seasonal abundance of predatory mites euseius scutalis in few cotton cultivars. Int. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. 6: 24-28.
Ahmed, M., H. Liang, H. Chisomo Kasiya, K. Ji, X. Ge, M. Ren, B. Liu, X. Zhu, and A. Sun, (2018). Complete replacement of fish meal by plant protein ingredients with dietary essential amino acids supplementation for juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Aquaculture Nutrition. 25: 205–214.
Alava, V. R and A. Kanazawa, (1996). Effect of dietary fatty acids on growth of Milkfish Chanos chanos fry in brackish water. Aquaculture. 144: 363–369.
Alava, V. R and C. Lim, (1988). Artificial diets for Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) fry reared in seawater. Aquaculture. 71: 339-346.
Amaya,E.A., D. A. Davis, D. B. Rouse, (2007). Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture. 262: 393 –401.
Azad, I. S., J. Syama Dayal, M. Poornima, and S. A. Ali, (2007). Supra dietary levels of vitamins C and E enhance antibody production and immune memory in juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) to formalin-killed Vibrio vulnificus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 23: 154-163.
Balito-Liboon, J. S., R. M. Ferdinand, T. B. Mary Jessa Bell, P. G. Emelyn Joy, M. E. Efren, L. Temario, Valeriano, and Jr. Corre, (2018). Dietary Soybean Lecithin Enhances Growth Performance, Feed Utilization Efficiency and Body Composition of Early Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 70: 1483, 9 pages.
Borlongan, I. G., C. L. Marte, and J. N. Nocillado, (2000). Development of larval diets for Milkfish (Chanos chanos). J. Appl. Ichthyol., 16: 68-72.
Borlongan, I.G., and R. M. Coloso, (1993). Requirement of juvenile Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) for essential amino acids. J. Nutr., 123: 125-132.
Carter, C.G and R.C. Hauler, (2000). Fish meal replacement by plant meals in extruded feeds for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquaculture. 185; 299-311.
Cheng, J.H., D.W. Sun, X. A.Zeng, and D. Liu, (2015). Recent Advances in Methods and Techniques for Freshness Quality Determination and Evaluation of Fish and Fish Fillets: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55: 1012–1225.
Choubert, G., 2010. Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to varying dietary astaxanthin/canthaxanthin ratio: colour and carotenoid retention of the muscle. Aquaculture Nutrition. 16: 528–535.
Craig, S., and I. A. Helfrich, (2002). Understanding fish nutrition, feeds and feeding. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech, pp. 420-256.
Divakaran, S., M. Velasco, E. Beyer, I. Forster, and A. G. Tacon, (2000). Soybean meal apparent digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei, including a critique of methodology. Avances en Nutrición Acuicola. 19-22.
Elkin, A., D. Amaya, D. Allen, and B. R. David, (2007). Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture. 262; 393 –401.
El-Saidy, D.M.S. and M. M. A. Gaber (2003). Replacement of fish meal with a mixture of different plant protein sources in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) diets. Aquaculture Research. 34: 1119-112.
El-Saidy D.M.S., (1999). Evaluation of cottonseed meal as partial and complete replacement of fish meal in practical diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 3;441-457.
Go, M. B., S. P. Velos, G. P. Bate, and A. S. Ilano, (2018). Growth Performance of Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Fed Plant-Based Diets. Journal of Academic Research. 3: 18-29.
Gómez‐Requeni, P., M. Mingarro, J. A. Calduch‐Giner, F. Médale, S. A. M. Martin, D. F. Houlihan, and J. Pérez‐Sánchez, (2004). Protein growth performance, amino acid utilisation and somatotropic axis responsiveness to fish meal replacement by plant protein sources in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture. 232: 493–510.
Hernandez, C., J. Sarmiento-Pardo, B.Gonzalez-Rodriguez, I. Abdo de a Parra, (2004). Replacement of fish meal with co-extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone). Aquaculture Research. 36: 834–840.
Kader, M. A., M. Bulbul, S. Koshio, M. Ishikawa, S. Yokoyama, B. T. Nguyen, C. F. Komilus, (2012). Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture. 350-353: 109–116
Kaushik, S., D. Coves, G. Dutto, and D. Blanc, (2004). Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass. Dicentrarchus Labrax. Aquaculture. 230; 391–404.
Khan, N., N. A. Qureshi, M. Nasir, G. W. Vandenberg, M. S. Mughal, A. Maqbool, M. A. Jabbar, and N. Zikria, (2012). Effect of artificial feed on sensory attributes of flesh of Indian major carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala) fed in monoculture and polyculture systems. Pak. Vet. J., 32: 349-353.
Khan, M. A., I. Ahmed, and S. F. Abidi, (2004). Effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition. 10: 47-53.
Lie., (2001). Flesh quality - the role of nutrition. Aquaculture Research. 32; 341–348.
Magondu, E. W., M. Mokaya, A. Ototo, K. Nyakeya, and J. Nyamora, (2016). Growth performance of Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fed on formulated and non-formulated diets made from locally available ingredients in South Coast region, Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 4: 288-293.
Mokolensang, J. F., S. Yamasaki, and Y. Onoue, (2003). Utilization of Shochu distillery by-products for culturing the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Online J. biol. Sci., 3:502-507.
National Research Council (NRC)., (1993). Nutritional Requirements of Fish, 114 pp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. doi:10.17226/2115
Nochera, C. L and D. Ragone, (2016). Preparation of a Breadfruit Flour Bar. Foods. 5: 37. doi:10.3390/foods5020037
Ogunji, J., T. Summan, C. Schulz, and W. Kloas, (2008). Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus ed housefly maggot meal (Magmeal) diets. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 8: 141-147.
Oliva-Teles, A., P. Enes, and H. Peres, (2015). Replacing fishmeal and fish oil in industrial aquafeeds for carnivorous fish. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. 203-233.
Oyelese, O.A., (2007). Utilization of compounded ration and maggot in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Res. J. Appl. Sci., 2: 301-306.
Richard, L., A. Surget, V. Rigolet, S. J. Kaushik, and I. Geurden, (2011). Availability of essential amino acids, nutrient utilisation and growth in juvenile black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, following fishmeal replacement by plant protein. Aquaculture. 322-323: 109-116.
Rosas, V.T., J. M. Monserrat, M. Bessonart, L. A. Larisa Magnone, Luis, Alberto Romano, M. B. Tesser, (2019). Fish oil and meal replacement in mullet (Mugil liza) diet with Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and linseed oil. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 218: 46–54.
Samocha, T., D. A. Davis, I. P. Saoud, and K. DeBault, (2004). Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 231; 197–203.
Shioya, I., K. Inoue, A. Abe, A. Takeshita, and T. Yamaguchi, (2011). Beneficial effects on meat quality of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata induced by diets containing red pepper. Fish Sci., 77: 883-889.
Sing, K. W., M. S. Kamarudin, J. J. Wilson, and M. S.
Azirun, (2014). Evaluation of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) maggot meal as an effective, sustainable replacement for fishmeal in the diet of farmed juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Pak. Vet. J., 34: 288-292.
Swastawati, F., (2004). The Effect of Smoking Duration on the Quality and DHA Composition of Milkfish (Chanos chanos F). Journal of Coastal Development. 7: 137-142.
Tacon, A.G.J., (2000). Rendered animal by-products: a necessity in aquafeeds for the new millennium. The Glob. Aquac. Advocate., 3: 18–19.
Tocher, D. R., (2015). Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective. Aquaculture. 449: 94–107.
Torstensen, B.E., M. Espe, M. Sanden, I. Stubhaug, R. Waagbø, G. I. Hemre, M. H. G. Berntssen, (2008). Novel production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protein based on the combined replacement of fish meal and fish oil with plant meal and vegetable oil blends. Aquaculture. 285: 193–200.
urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): Implementation for biological control. Bull. Entomol. Res. 91: 61-67.
[20] Waqas M. S., M. A. Aqueel, M. Afzal, A. B. M. Raza, M. Kamran, I. Mustafa, and M. A. Bakar. 2014. Influence of temperature on the seasonal abundance of predatory mites euseius scutalis in few cotton cultivars. Int. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. 6: 24-28.