Soybean Crop Growth and Yield Prediction using Deep Learning Model

Authors

  • AYESHA MUNIR University Institute of Information Technology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University
  • SIDRA TAHIR University Institute of Information Technology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University
  • GHADAH NAIF ALWAKID Department of Computer Science, Jouf university
  • RAFEEF TARESH SULEMAN Department of Computer Science, Jouf University
  • SAIRA MUZAFAR School of Computer Science Taylor’s University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26692/surjss.v57i02.7702

Keywords:

Soybean, Crop Growth, Yield Prediction, Deep Learning

Abstract

Agriculture is a fundamental pillar of food security and economic development, with soybean recognized globally for its high nutritional value and versatile applications in both food and non-food industries. Accurate soybean yield forecasting is critical for addressing key agricultural challenges, including efficient resource utilization, sustainable production, and climate change adaptation. Recent advancements in deep learning and remote sensing technologies, incorporating multi-source data such as UAV imagery, satellite data, and field measurements, have significantly enhanced yield prediction accuracy. This research proposes advanced deep learning models, utilizing spatial-temporal frameworks like CNN and LSTM, for precise, fast, and non-intrusive soybean yield assessment. Challenges such as dataset availability, computational demands, and regional variability in soil and climate are addressed to improve model flexibility and scalability. Furthermore, integrating hyperspectral, thermal, and RGB imagery enhances stress detection. This study contributes towards developing scalable, decision-support tools for sustainable and precision agriculture.

References

Alwakid, G., Osman, T., & Hughes-Roberts, T. (2019). Towards improved Saudi dialectal Arabic stemming. 2019 International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCIS), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIS49240.2019.9094793

Bai, D., Li, D., Zhao, C., Wang, Z., Shao, M., Guo, B., ... & Guo, S. (2022). Estimation of soybean yield parameters under lodging conditions using RGB information from unmanned aerial vehicles. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1012293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1012293

Basso, B., Cammarano, D., Carfagna, E., et al. (2013). Review of crop yield forecasting methods and early warning systems. In Proceedings of the first meeting of the scientific advisory committee of the global strategy to improve agricultural and rural statistics, FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy (Vol. 241).

Bhojani, S. H., & Bhatt, N. (2020). Wheat crop yield prediction using new activation functions in neural network. Neural Computing and Applications, 32(17), 13941–13951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-019-04474-5

Crasta, O., & Cox, W. (1996). Temperature and soil water effects on maize growth, development yield, and forage quality. Crop Science, 36(2), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600020010x

Egli, D., & Zhen-wen, Y. (1991). Crop growth rate and seeds per unit area in soybean. Crop Science, 31(2), 439–442. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100020046x

Gill, S. H., Sheikh, N. A., Rajpar, S., Jhanjhi, N., Ahmad, M., Razzaq, M. A., ... & Jaafar, F. (2021). Extended forgery detection framework for COVID-19 medical data using convolutional neural network. Computers, Materials & Continua, 68(3).

Gill, S. H., Razzaq, M. A., Ahmad, M., Almansour, F. M., Haq, I. U., Jhanjhi, N. Z., ... & Masud, M. (2022). Security and privacy aspects of cloud computing: a smart campus case study. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 31(1), 117-128.

Gaur, L., Afaq, A., Solanki, A., Singh, G., Sharma, S., Jhanjhi, N., ... & Le, D.-N. (2021). Capitalizing on big data and revolutionary 5G technology: Extracting and visualizing ratings and reviews of global chain hotels. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 95, 107374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107374

Guo, W. W., & Xue, H. (2014). Crop yield forecasting using artificial neural networks: A comparison between spatial and temporal models. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014(1), 857865. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/857865

Guo, Y., Fu, Y., Hao, F., Zhang, X., Wu, W., Jin, X., ... & Senthilnath, J. (2021). Integrated phenology and climate in rice yields prediction using machine learning methods. Ecological Indicators, 120, 106935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106935

Hossain, M. A., Ray, S. K., & Lota, J. (2020). SmartDR: A device-to-device communication for post-disaster recovery. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 171, 102813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102813

Humayun, M., Khalil, M. I., Almuayqil, S. N., & Jhanjhi, N. Z. (2023). Framework for detecting breast cancer risk presence using deep learning. Electronics, 12(2), 403.

Islam, N., Rashid, M. M., Wibowo, S., Wasimi, S., Morshed, A., Xu, C., & Moore, S. (2020). Machine learning based approach for weed detection in chilli field using RGB images. In The International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (pp. 1097–1105). Springer.

Islam, N., Rashid, M. M., Wibowo, S., Xu, C.-Y., Morshed, A., Wasimi, S. A., Moore, S., & Rahman, S. M. (2021). Early weed detection using image processing and machine learning techniques in an Australian chilli farm. Agriculture, 11(5), 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050387

Javed, D., Jhanjhi, N., & Khan, N. A. (2023). Football analytics for goal prediction to assess player performance. In Innovation and Technology in Sports: Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation and Technology in Sports (ICITS) (pp. 245–257). Springer.

Jin, X., Kumar, L., Li, Z., Feng, H., Xu, X., Yang, G., & Wang, J. (2018). A review of data assimilation of remote sensing and crop models. European Journal of Agronomy, 92, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.11.002

Khaki, S., & Wang, L. (2019). Crop yield prediction using deep neural networks. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00621

Khaki, S., Wang, L., & Archontoulis, S. V. (2020). A CNN-RNN framework for crop yield prediction. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01750

Kross, A., Znoj, E., Callegari, D., Kaur, G., Sunohara, M., Lapen, D. R., & McNairn, H. (2020). Using artificial neural networks and remotely sensed data to evaluate the relative importance of variables for prediction of within-field corn and soybean yields. Remote Sensing, 12(14), 2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142230

LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539

Lee, S., Abdullah, A., & Jhanjhi, N. Z. (2020). A review on honeypot-based botnet detection models for smart factory. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(6).

Liakos, K. G., Busato, P., Moshou, D., Pearson, S., & Bochtis, D. (2018). Machine learning in agriculture: A review. Sensors, 18(8), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082674

Lu, W., Du, R., Niu, P., Xing, G., Luo, H., Deng, Y., & Shu, L. (2022). Soybean yield preharvest prediction based on bean pods and leaves image recognition using deep learning neural network combined with GRNN. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 791256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.791256

Muzafar, S., & Jhanjhi, N. Z. (2020). Success stories of ICT implementation in Saudi Arabia. In Employing Recent Technologies for Improved Digital Governance (pp. 151-163). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.

Nevavuori, P., Narra, N., & Lipping, T. (2019). Crop yield prediction with deep convolutional neural networks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 163, 104859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.104859

Pantazi, X. E., Moshou, D., Alexandridis, T., Whetton, R. L., & Mouazen, A. M. (2016). Wheat yield prediction using machine learning and advanced sensing techniques. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 121, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.11.018

Park, S.-H., Lee, B.-Y., Kim, M.-J., Sang, W., Seo, M. C., Baek, J.-K., Yang, J. E., & Mo, C. (2023). Development of a soil moisture prediction model based on recurrent neural network long short-term memory (RNN-LSTM) in soybean cultivation. Sensors, 23(4), 1976. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041976

Sadras, V. O., & Calvino, P. A. (2001). Quantification of grain yield response to soil depth in soybean, maize, sunflower, and wheat. Agronomy Journal, 93(3), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.933577x

Sindiramutty, S. R., Jhanjhi, N., Tan, C. E., Lau, S. P., Muniandy, L., Gharib, A. H., Ashraf, H., & Murugesan, R. K. (2024). Industry 4.0: Future trends and research directions. In Convergence of Industry 4.0 and Supply Chain Sustainability (pp. 342–405).

Sun, J., Di, L., Sun, Z., Shen, Y., & Lai, Z. (2019). County-level soybean yield prediction using deep CNN-LSTM model. Sensors, 19(20), 4363. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204363

Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Vanhoucke, V., & Rabinovich, A. (2015). Going deeper with convolutions. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298594

Terliksiz, A. S., & Alty’lar, D. T. (2019). Use of deep neural networks for crop yield prediction: A case study of soybean yield in Lauderdale County, Alabama, USA. 2019 8th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/Agro-Geoinformatics.2019.8820533

Tian, H., Wang, P., Tansey, K., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., & Li, H. (2021). An LSTM neural network for improving wheat yield estimates by integrating remote sensing data and meteorological data in the Guanzhong Plain, PR China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 310, 108629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108629

Wang, L., Tian, Y., Yao, X., Zhu, Y., & Cao, W. (2014). Predicting grain yield and protein content in wheat by fusing multi-sensor and multi-temporal remote-sensing images. Field Crops Research, 164, 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.06.022

Wang, X., Huang, J., Feng, Q., & Yin, D. (2020). Winter wheat yield prediction at county level and uncertainty analysis in main wheat-producing regions of China with deep learning approaches. Remote Sensing, 12(11), 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111744

Wilkerson, G., Jones, J., Boote, K., Ingram, K., & Mishoe, J. (1983). Modeling soybean growth for crop management. Transactions of the ASAE, 26(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.33804

Yamashita, R., Nishio, M., Do, R. K. G., & Togashi, K. (2018). Convolutional neural networks: An overview and application in radiology. Insights into Imaging, 9, 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0639-9

Yu, H., Zhang, H., & Yuan, S. (2022). Research status of genetic regulation of soybean grain size. Soil Crops, 11(01), 18–20.

Zhao, C., Zhao, X., Sun, L., Li, S., Guo, B., & Wang, R. (2021). Field identification and screening of soybean germplasm resources from different sources. Northwest Agric. J, 30(11), 1638–1647.

Zaheer, A., Tahir, S., Almufareh, M. F., & Hamid, B. (2023). A hybrid model for botnet detection using machine learning. In 2023 International Conference on Business Analytics for Technology and Security (ICBATS) (pp. 1–8). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBATS57126.2023.10154396

Downloads

Published

2025-12-30

How to Cite

Munir, A. ., Tahir, S. ., Naif Alwakid , G. ., Suliman Alshammari, R. T. ., & Muzafar, S. . (2025). Soybean Crop Growth and Yield Prediction using Deep Learning Model. Sindh University Research Journal - SURJ (Science Series), 57(02), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.26692/surjss.v57i02.7702