PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING AND PHENOMENOLOGY APPROACH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper is based on literature review discuss the philosophical underpinning like epistemology and ontological frameworks of theoretical and philosophical perspectives. These are usually known and referred as paradigm in the field of research, that we simply identify them as a worldview or a set of assumptions about how things work. Paradigms are comprehensive framework of the beliefs, experiences and beliefs of numerous theories and research practices, which are extensively used in the research process. Basic questions like epistemology tries to answer that what is true or what does distinguish the authentic knowledge from the false and (inadequate) knowledge. This gives birth to basic questions that what is truth, and what counts the knowledge? What is the relationship amongst researcher and what is the already known? How do we come to know? Whereas ontology is oriented the nature of social realism and the things which exist, such as settings of their reality of relationships amongst the objects. The paper argues that phenomenological approach or strategy of inquiry is one of the best approaches in the qualitative research study.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
Baker, C., Wuest, J., & Stern, P. N. (1992). Method slurring: the grounded theory/phenomenology example. Journal of advanced nursing, 17(11), 1355-1360.
Bassey, M. (1995) Creating Education through Research: A Global Perspective of Educational Research in the 21st Century BERA England: Moor Press.
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to social enquiry: Advancing knowledge. Polity.
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to social enquiry: Advancing knowledge. Polity.
Bryman, A. (2001). The nature of qualitative research. Social research methods, 264-288.
Bryman, A. (2001). The nature of qualitative research. Social research methods, 264-288.
Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Channa, K. A. (2016). Exploration of the influence of social position on HRM adoption: a case of HRM in Pakistan.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, (1994). Research Methods in Education (5th ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, (2000). Research Methods in Education (5thed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Crotty, M. (1996). Phenomenology and nursing research.
Crotty, M. (1998) The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspectives in the research process. London: Sage Publications.
Dudley, J. R. (2005). Research methods for social work: Becoming consumers and producers of research. Allyn & Bacon.
Easterby-Smith, M. T., & Thorpe, R. (2002). R. and Lowe, A. (2002). Management research: An introduction, 2, 342.
Farzanfar, R. (2005). Using qualitative research methods to evaluate automated health promotion/disease prevention technologies: A procedures’ manual. Boston University. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Gallagher, S., & Francesconi, D. (2012). Teaching phenomenology to qualitative researchers, cognitive scientists, and phenomenologists. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 12(3), 1-10.
Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental journal, 204(6), 291-295.
Gray, D. E. (2004). Doing Research in the Real World: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Gray, J. (2009). Liberalisms: essays in political philosophy. Routledge.
Grbich, C. (1998). Qualitative research in health: An introduction. Sage.
Grbich, C. (2012). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction.
Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The Paradigm Dialog. Sage Publications.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1996). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Denzin & Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. USA. Sage Publishers.
Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. (2011). Conducting an in-depth interview.
Khatwani, M. (2016). Professional Women’s Perceptions & Experiences of Respectability, Social Status, and Autonomy: A Case Study of Women Employed at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan. (Unpublished master's thesis). Sussex University UK.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological Psychology: Theory, Research and Method. Pearson Education.
Lester, S. (2007). An introduction to phenomenological research. 1999. Taunton UK, Stan Lester Developments.
Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging influences. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (2005). Paradigms and perspectives in contention. In N. Denzin and Y.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75). Sage.
Lopez, K. A., & Willis, D. G. (2004). Descriptive versus Interpretative Phenomenology: Their Contributions to Nursing Knowledge. Qualitative Health Research, 14(5), 726
Mackenzie, N., & Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods, and methodology. Issues in educational research, 16(2), 193-205.
Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D. (2005). Essentials of Research Design and Methodology. New Jersey. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost, and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of mixed methods research, 1(1), 48-76.
Morgan, S. T. (2016). Epistemology and ontology. Retrieved from.
Morse, J. (1991). Approaches to qualitative- quantitative methodological triangulation. Nursing Research. 40. 120-123.
Morse, J. M. (1986). Quantitative and qualitative re- search: Issues in sampling. In P. L. Chinn (Ed.), Nursing research methodology: Issues and imple- mentation (pp. 181-193). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Morse, J. M. (1989). Strategies for sampling. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A con- temporary dialogue (pp. 1 17- I3 I). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Morse, J. M. (1994). Designing funded qualitative research.
Mutch, C. (2005) Doing Educational Research: A Practitioner’s Guide to Getting Started. Wellington: NZCER Press.
Mutch, C. (2013). Doing educational research. Nzcer Press.
Neuman, W. L., & Kreuger, L. (2003). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Allyn and Bacon.
Neuman, W. L., & Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Norlyk, A., & Harder, I. (2010). What makes a phenomenological study phenomenological? An analysis of peer-reviewed empirical nursing studies. Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 420-431.
Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reitz, R. R. (1999). Batterers' Experiences of Being Violent A Phenomenological Study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(1), 143-165.
Sadala, M. L. A., & Adorno, R. D. C. F. (2002). Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau Ponty's thought. Journal of advanced nursing, 37(3), 282-293.
Schneider, Z., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia.
Schwandt, T. A. (2003). Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry: Interpretivism, Hermeneutics and Social Constructionism. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (eds.) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. 292-331. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thomas, K. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions.
Tuli, F. (2011). The basis of distinction between qualitative and quantitative research in social science: Reflection on ontological, epistemological, and methodological perspectives. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 6(1).
Usher, R. (1996) ‘A critique of the neglected epistemological assumptions of educational research’, in Scott, D. & Usher, R. (eds.) Understanding educational research. London: Routledge, pp. 9-32.
Young, R & Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and Social Constructionism in the Career Field. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 64(3), 373-388.
Zahavi, D. (2003). Husserl's phenomenology. Stanford University Press.
Bassey, M. (1995) Creating Education through Research: A Global Perspective of Educational Research in the 21st Century BERA England: Moor Press.
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to social enquiry: Advancing knowledge. Polity.
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to social enquiry: Advancing knowledge. Polity.
Bryman, A. (2001). The nature of qualitative research. Social research methods, 264-288.
Bryman, A. (2001). The nature of qualitative research. Social research methods, 264-288.
Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Channa, K. A. (2016). Exploration of the influence of social position on HRM adoption: a case of HRM in Pakistan.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, (1994). Research Methods in Education (5th ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, (2000). Research Methods in Education (5thed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into practice, 39(3), 124-130.
Crotty, M. (1996). Phenomenology and nursing research.
Crotty, M. (1998) The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspectives in the research process. London: Sage Publications.
Dudley, J. R. (2005). Research methods for social work: Becoming consumers and producers of research. Allyn & Bacon.
Easterby-Smith, M. T., & Thorpe, R. (2002). R. and Lowe, A. (2002). Management research: An introduction, 2, 342.
Farzanfar, R. (2005). Using qualitative research methods to evaluate automated health promotion/disease prevention technologies: A procedures’ manual. Boston University. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Gallagher, S., & Francesconi, D. (2012). Teaching phenomenology to qualitative researchers, cognitive scientists, and phenomenologists. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 12(3), 1-10.
Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental journal, 204(6), 291-295.
Gray, D. E. (2004). Doing Research in the Real World: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Gray, J. (2009). Liberalisms: essays in political philosophy. Routledge.
Grbich, C. (1998). Qualitative research in health: An introduction. Sage.
Grbich, C. (2012). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction.
Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The Paradigm Dialog. Sage Publications.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1996). Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In Denzin & Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. USA. Sage Publishers.
Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. (2011). Conducting an in-depth interview.
Khatwani, M. (2016). Professional Women’s Perceptions & Experiences of Respectability, Social Status, and Autonomy: A Case Study of Women Employed at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan. (Unpublished master's thesis). Sussex University UK.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological Psychology: Theory, Research and Method. Pearson Education.
Lester, S. (2007). An introduction to phenomenological research. 1999. Taunton UK, Stan Lester Developments.
Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging influences. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (2005). Paradigms and perspectives in contention. In N. Denzin and Y.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75). Sage.
Lopez, K. A., & Willis, D. G. (2004). Descriptive versus Interpretative Phenomenology: Their Contributions to Nursing Knowledge. Qualitative Health Research, 14(5), 726
Mackenzie, N., & Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods, and methodology. Issues in educational research, 16(2), 193-205.
Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D. (2005). Essentials of Research Design and Methodology. New Jersey. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost, and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of mixed methods research, 1(1), 48-76.
Morgan, S. T. (2016). Epistemology and ontology. Retrieved from.
Morse, J. (1991). Approaches to qualitative- quantitative methodological triangulation. Nursing Research. 40. 120-123.
Morse, J. M. (1986). Quantitative and qualitative re- search: Issues in sampling. In P. L. Chinn (Ed.), Nursing research methodology: Issues and imple- mentation (pp. 181-193). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Morse, J. M. (1989). Strategies for sampling. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Qualitative nursing research: A con- temporary dialogue (pp. 1 17- I3 I). Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Morse, J. M. (1994). Designing funded qualitative research.
Mutch, C. (2005) Doing Educational Research: A Practitioner’s Guide to Getting Started. Wellington: NZCER Press.
Mutch, C. (2013). Doing educational research. Nzcer Press.
Neuman, W. L., & Kreuger, L. (2003). Social work research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Allyn and Bacon.
Neuman, W. L., & Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Norlyk, A., & Harder, I. (2010). What makes a phenomenological study phenomenological? An analysis of peer-reviewed empirical nursing studies. Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 420-431.
Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reitz, R. R. (1999). Batterers' Experiences of Being Violent A Phenomenological Study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(1), 143-165.
Sadala, M. L. A., & Adorno, R. D. C. F. (2002). Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau Ponty's thought. Journal of advanced nursing, 37(3), 282-293.
Schneider, Z., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia.
Schwandt, T. A. (2003). Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry: Interpretivism, Hermeneutics and Social Constructionism. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (eds.) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. 292-331. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thomas, K. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions.
Tuli, F. (2011). The basis of distinction between qualitative and quantitative research in social science: Reflection on ontological, epistemological, and methodological perspectives. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 6(1).
Usher, R. (1996) ‘A critique of the neglected epistemological assumptions of educational research’, in Scott, D. & Usher, R. (eds.) Understanding educational research. London: Routledge, pp. 9-32.
Young, R & Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and Social Constructionism in the Career Field. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 64(3), 373-388.
Zahavi, D. (2003). Husserl's phenomenology. Stanford University Press.