PROSPECTS OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI) ON PAK-INDIA RELATIONS
Main Article Content
Abstract
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a game changer because it offers comprehensive plans for socio-economic progression and regional
integration at the global level by providing linkages through land and sea routes. As for South Asia is concerned, it is the least integrated and backward
region and BRI’s two plans, China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Bangladesh China India Myanmar Corridor (BCIM) have the potential to
upraise the regional economy. The main obstacles on the way to South Asia’s economic progression are the persisting mistrust between India and Pakistan
and ongoing Sino-Indian standoff. The CPEC and BCIM will create winwin scenario for China, India and Pakistan that compel them to cooperate
with one another. To realise the association between economic development and stability, the theory of neo-functionalism provides understanding to
comprehend this debate. The connectivity between CPEC and BCIM will be advantageous to India and Pakistan for their economic rise and eradicating
mistrust between them which will lead towards regional peace and stability.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
REFERENCES
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Jinsong, L. (2017).Belt and Road Sharing Opportunities.Retrieved from http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/embassy_news/201704/t20170423_2145813.htm
Karim M.A.&Islam F.(2018).Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor.The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis,30(2), 283-302.
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Kumar, S. (2019).China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India’s Concerns, Responses and Strategies,International Journal of China Studies, 10(1), 27-45.
Malik. J. M. (2001).South Asia in China’s Foreign Relations.Pacific Review,13(1), 73-90.Millenium Post (2018, February 6).China’s Investment in India: Investors Find Doing Business with India Safe and Attractive.Retrieved fromwww.millenniumpost.in/openionchinas-inestment-in-india-286998 (accessed on January 23, 2021).
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Nazir,M.(2016).Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC: Effort of Regional and International Players to Disrupt the Development in the Region, Its Ramifications and Rectifications.Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Islamabad. Retrieved fromhttps://ipripak.org/macro-and-micro-dividends-of-cpec-efforts-of-regional-and-international-players-to-disrupt-the-development-in-the-region-its-ramifications-and-rectifications/ (accessed on January 15, 2021).
Nehru J.(1945).The Discovery of India. London: Meridian BooksPolachek, S. W. (1980).Conflict and Trade.Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1), 55-78.
Qamar, A. (2005). Trade betweenIndia and Pakistan: Potential Items and MFN Status. Research Bulletin, State Bank of Pakistan1(1),56.
Rahman M. S.&Rehman M.S.(2020).CPEC and Pakistan-India Economic Integration: Prospects and Challenges.Journal of Global Peace and Security Studies,1(1), 70-89.
Rosamond, B. (2000).Theories of European Union Integration. Basingstoke:
Macmillan.Rosecrance R.(1986).The Rise of Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World.New York: Basic Books.Sadiq,S.(2017, April 17). CPEC Investment Pushed from $55 b to $62’, Express Tribune.
Asia Pacific, Research Journal, Volume 39, 202125Safi,M.&Alizada, B. (2018).Integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative’, Friedrich Ebert Stifftung,3, Retrieved fromwww.library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/kabul/15587.pdf (accessed on January 9, 2021).
Saini,G.(2019).China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Accessing India’s Options. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews,6(2), 523-32.
Sajjanhar, A. (2016).Understanding the BCIM Economic Corridor and India’s Response ORF IssueBrief,147.Shahid,S.(2016, December 21).India Urged to Shun Subversive Activities.Dawn News. Retrieved fromhttps://www.dawn.com/news/1303612 (accessed on February 4, 2021).
Sheikh,M.A.,&Mahboob,S.S.(2020). China-Pakistan Economic corridor (CPEC): Challenges and Opportunities for India.International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management,3(3),398.
Showkat, A.,&Malik, A. H.(2017).China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Impact onRegional Stability of South Asia.International Journal of Political Science and Development, 5(6),192-202.
South China Morning Post (2017, May 21).India Snubs China’s New Silk Road Summit Underlining Mounting Tensions Between Asian Rails. Retrieved fromhttps://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/2095091/india-snubs-chins-new-silk-road-summit-underlining-mountingaccessedon February 6, 2021.
Tanija,N.(2007).India Pakistan Trade: Possibilities and Non-Tariff Barriers.Working Paper No.200, Indian Council for Researchon International Economic Relations,9, Retrieved fromwww.icrier.org.pdf/working%20paper%20200.pdf (accessed on January 27, 2021).
Ali,A.(2016). China-Pakistan Corridor: Prospects and Challenges for Regional Integration. Art and Social Sciences Journal, 7 (4). DOI. 10.4172/2151-6200.1000204
Asian Development Bank (2021). ASIA 2050: Realizing the Asian Century.Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28608/asia2050-executive-summary.pdf (accessed on January 26, 2021).
Ayub,S.(2013, May 24).Chinese Premier Li’s Visit to Pakistan: Hope Meets Reality.The Diplomat.Retrieved from www.thediplomate.com/2013/05/chinese-premier-lis-visit-to-pakistan-hope-meets-reality/(accessedon January 11, 2021).
Azeem,I.(2016).The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar’s Hidden Genocide. London: Hurst and Company.Barbieri, K.(1996).Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Conflict?Journal of Peace and Research,33(1),29-49.
Basrur,R.(2019). The BRI and India’ Grand Strategy.Strategic Analysis,43(3),187-98.
Batra,A.(2005, November 17).India’s Global Trade Potential: Gravity Model Approach.Working PaperReportN.51. New Delhi:Indian Council for Research on Economic Relation.Brewster,D.(2015).
An Indian Ocean dilemma: Sino-Indian rivalry and China’s Strategic Vulnerability in Indian Ocean.Journal of Indian Ocean Region,11(1), 48-59.
Butt K.M.,&Butt A. A.(2015).Impact of CPEC on Regional and Extra-Regional Actors.Journal of Political Science, GC University, Lahore, 33, 23-44.
China’s National Defense(1998, July 29).Beijing Xinhua Domestic Service. Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports-China
Chung, C. P. (2017).What are the Strategic and Economic Implications for South Asia of Dabur?Retrieved fromwww.dabur.com (accessed on February 2, 2021)
Chronic Poverty Organisation(2019).Understanding Chronic Poverty in South Asia. Retrieved fromavailable at www.chronicpoverty.org/resources/working_Paper.pdf. (accessed on January 6, 2021).
Dastgir, K. (2017, September 20). India Involved in Terrorist Activities on CPEC.The Express Tribune. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1511647/india-involved-terror-activities-cpec-route-khurram-dastagir(accessedon February 3, 2021).
Deepak, B.R. (2018).‘China’s Global Rebalancing: Will It Reshape the International Political and Economic Order?’ In B. R. Deepak (ed) China’s Global Rebalancing and the New SilkRoad(pp. 3-4).Singapore: Springer.
Deepak B.R.(2018).Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM-EC): Security Dilemma Rider to Regional Economic Integration.In B. R. Deepak (ed).China’s Global Rebalancing and the New Silk Road. Singapore: Springer.
Dougherty J.,E. &Pfaltzgraff, R.J. (2001).Contending Theories of InternationalRelations (5thed).(New York: Harper Collins.
Gabusi G.(2020).China’s Structural Power and the Fate of the BCIM Economic Corridor.The International Spector, 6. Retrieved from www.doi.org/10.1080/03932729.20220.1782071(accessed on February 6, 2021).
Gehring,T.(1996).Integrating Integration theory: Neo-Functionalism and InternationalRegimes.Global Security, 10(3), 225-253.
Godehardt, N. (2016). Not End of History: A Chinese alternative Concept of International Order? Retrieved from www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research-paper/2016RPO2-gdh-pdf (accessed on January 9, 2021).
Hanif,M.(2018, January 9).Why India is Opposing the Project? PakistanObserver. Retrieved from www.pakistanobserver.net/cpec-india-opposing-project/ (accessed on February 3, 2021).Hass, E.B. (1958).The Uniting of Europe.Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hussain,I.,Ke,G., Bano S., & Hussain M., I.(2019).Effects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor on Regional Integration and Economic Growth.International TransactionJournal of Engineering, Management, Applied Sciences and Technologies. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.55
Hussain M.&Jamali,A.B.(2019).Geo-Political Dynamics of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A New Great Game in South Asia.Chinese Political Science Review, 4, 303-26.Hyat, Z.(2017).RAW Running $ 500 million Cell to Sabotage CPEC.Dawn(November14),Retrieved fromhttps://www.dawn.com/news/1370463/raw-running-500-million-cell-to-sabotage-cpec-says-gen-zubair-
hayat accessed on February3, 2021.India’s East Act policy.(2014).Retrieved fromwww.ofline.org/expert-speak/india-act-eat-policy-and-regional-cooperation-61375 (accessed on January 18, 2021).
India’s Think West Policy.(2005).Retrieved fromwww.iasexpress.net/Look-West-Policy-India (accessed on January 18, 2021).
India’s North-South-Transport Corridor (2002).Retrieved fromwww.seconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/indias-north-south-corridor-looks-to-eurasia (accessed on January 18, 2021).
Asia Pacific, Research Journal, Volume 39, 202123Jacob, J,T. (2017).China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspective from India. China and World Economy, 25(5) DOI.https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12215
Jensen C. S.(2013).Neo-functionalism: Logic and Critique. Retrieved fromwww.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub/up-content/upload/2013/05/Module4-extrace-neofunctionalsmlogic-and-critique.pdf (accessed on January 7, 2021).
Jinsong, L. (2017).Belt and Road Sharing Opportunities.Retrieved from http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/embassy_news/201704/t20170423_2145813.htm
Karim M.A.&Islam F.(2018).Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor.The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis,30(2), 283-302.
Kaura,V.(2018, January 1).Grading India’s Neighborhood Diplomacy.The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/grading-indias-neighborhood-diplomacy/ (accessed on February 4, 2021).
Kumar, S. (2019).China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): India’s Concerns, Responses and Strategies,International Journal of China Studies, 10(1), 27-45.
Malik. J. M. (2001).South Asia in China’s Foreign Relations.Pacific Review,13(1), 73-90.Millenium Post (2018, February 6).China’s Investment in India: Investors Find Doing Business with India Safe and Attractive.Retrieved fromwww.millenniumpost.in/openionchinas-inestment-in-india-286998 (accessed on January 23, 2021).
Mitrany, D.(1966).A Working Peace System.Chicago: QuadrangleBooks.Moon, B. M.(2014).Fourth Conference on Interaction and CBMs in Asia (CICA) Summit in Shanghai’)May 20-21).Retrieved fromwww.herald.co.zw/cica-summit-to-help-asian-countries
24Prospects of China’s Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) on Pak-India Relations-strengthen-mutual-trust-address-hotspot-issues/(accessed on January 26, 2021).
National Development and Reform Commission (2015. March 28). ‘Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21s Century Maritime Silk Road’, Retrieved from www.cdrc.gov.cn/newsrelease-8232/2015/t20150330-1193900.html (accessed on January 5, 2021).
Nazir,M.(2016).Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC: Effort of Regional and International Players to Disrupt the Development in the Region, Its Ramifications and Rectifications.Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Islamabad. Retrieved fromhttps://ipripak.org/macro-and-micro-dividends-of-cpec-efforts-of-regional-and-international-players-to-disrupt-the-development-in-the-region-its-ramifications-and-rectifications/ (accessed on January 15, 2021).
Nehru J.(1945).The Discovery of India. London: Meridian BooksPolachek, S. W. (1980).Conflict and Trade.Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1), 55-78.
Qamar, A. (2005). Trade betweenIndia and Pakistan: Potential Items and MFN Status. Research Bulletin, State Bank of Pakistan1(1),56.
Rahman M. S.&Rehman M.S.(2020).CPEC and Pakistan-India Economic Integration: Prospects and Challenges.Journal of Global Peace and Security Studies,1(1), 70-89.
Rosamond, B. (2000).Theories of European Union Integration. Basingstoke:
Macmillan.Rosecrance R.(1986).The Rise of Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World.New York: Basic Books.Sadiq,S.(2017, April 17). CPEC Investment Pushed from $55 b to $62’, Express Tribune.
Asia Pacific, Research Journal, Volume 39, 202125Safi,M.&Alizada, B. (2018).Integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative’, Friedrich Ebert Stifftung,3, Retrieved fromwww.library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/kabul/15587.pdf (accessed on January 9, 2021).
Saini,G.(2019).China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Accessing India’s Options. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews,6(2), 523-32.
Sajjanhar, A. (2016).Understanding the BCIM Economic Corridor and India’s Response ORF IssueBrief,147.Shahid,S.(2016, December 21).India Urged to Shun Subversive Activities.Dawn News. Retrieved fromhttps://www.dawn.com/news/1303612 (accessed on February 4, 2021).
Sheikh,M.A.,&Mahboob,S.S.(2020). China-Pakistan Economic corridor (CPEC): Challenges and Opportunities for India.International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management,3(3),398.
Showkat, A.,&Malik, A. H.(2017).China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Impact onRegional Stability of South Asia.International Journal of Political Science and Development, 5(6),192-202.
South China Morning Post (2017, May 21).India Snubs China’s New Silk Road Summit Underlining Mounting Tensions Between Asian Rails. Retrieved fromhttps://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/2095091/india-snubs-chins-new-silk-road-summit-underlining-mountingaccessedon February 6, 2021.
Tanija,N.(2007).India Pakistan Trade: Possibilities and Non-Tariff Barriers.Working Paper No.200, Indian Council for Researchon International Economic Relations,9, Retrieved fromwww.icrier.org.pdf/working%20paper%20200.pdf (accessed on January 27, 2021).