TRAFFIC AND URBAN CULTURE A CASE STUDY OF CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY’S IMPACT ON HARBIN CITY (1903-1931)
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Abstract
The development of modern railways has had a profound impact on Chinese cities, especially, in the context of the aggression to modern China. Harbin, once a rural area nearby Songhua River, has been transformed into an international city of modern China, the most significant reason is the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway during 1898-1903. It became the external force that changed Harbin. With the railway's opened, Harbin became the center of commodity trade exchange, while more and more people settled in Harbin. Immigrants who came from different countries and places brought their own culture and customs into Harbin, which impacted Chinese people who lived in Harbin. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway on the cultural diversity of Harbin city from the perspective of railway-induced social change.
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REFERENCES
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Vostrotin, S. (1932).A Russian View of Manchuria, The Slavonic, and East European Review, 31, 20-36.
Wang, J.R.,(1996), Investment of the Great Powers in Harbin and the formation of the Northeast Asian trade city, Heilongjiang Social Science,5, 60-63.
Wang, R.(2008). International migration and its urbanization in Harbin in the early Republican period, Journal ofSuihua University, 3, 33-35.
Xiao, H., (2021). Extraterritorial cultural factors in the formation of Harbin city, The Border Economy and Culture,7, 14-16.
Xin, P. L., Zhang, F.M, & GaoX. Y. (1999), History of Heilongjiang Development, Harbin: Heilongjiang People Press. Xu, X.,(2006),A History of Jewish Culture, Beijing: Peijing University Press.
Yao, X.B., (2019). Influence of Post-domain Education of the Middle East Railway on Regional Education Development in
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Zhang, H.G, (2018).Research on Chinese Eastern Railway and Light Industry Development in Harbin (1898-1931), [M.A. Thesis] submitted to Heilongjiang University.
Zheng, N., (2017).An Introduction to Multiculturalism in International Migration Studies, Modern Communication, 16,176-177.
Abraham. Josefovich· Kaufman, A. J.(2019).During I lived in Harbin, trans. Li Shuxiao, Harbin: Harbin Publishing House.Chinese Eastern Railway Special Region Road Police Division (1930).
Chinese Eastern Railway Stations Survey Book.
Fan, T. (2002). The Urban Structure of Harbin, China: An Urban Design Approach[M.A. Thesis] submitted to University of Calgary.
Guo, Y.C., (2020). Introduction to the spread of Russian culture along the Middle East Railway, Siberian Studies,3, 88-96.
He, Y. M, & Yu, A.Q. (2021). Migration, Transportation and Industry: A Multidimensional Study of Urban Development in Northeast China in the Late Qing Dynasty, Guizhou Social Sciences,1, 76-85.
He, Y. M, & Han, Y. (2016). The Chinese Eastern Railroad and the Changes and Development of the Northeastern Cities in China, Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities ＆Social Sciences),3, 134-141.
Harbin City Local History Compilation Committee (2000). Harbin Local History, Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
Heilongjiang Province Local History Compilation Committee, (1996), Heilongjiang Local History-religionHarbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
Jiang D. H., (2003). Harbin Film Journal, Harbin: Harbin Press.Coulter, J. W.(1932), Harbin: Strategic City on the “Pioneer Fringe”, Pacific Affairs,11, 967-972.
Kawakami, K. K. (1932).Manchurian Backgrounds, Pacific Affairs,2, 118.Li, D. B., & Shi, F.,(1987).Heilongjiang Immigration Summary, Harbin: Heilongjiang People Press.
Liang, C.P.(1930). History of the Chinese Eastern Railway: A Chinese Version, Pacific Affairs, 2,188-211.
Ma, W. Y.,(2018). The Meaning and Characteristics of the ‘Dependent Territory of the China Eastern Railway,China’s Borderland History and Geography Studies,4, 127-139.
Olga, B.(1986). A Russian City in China: Harbin before 1917, Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, 2, 129-148.
Qu, X.F.,(2014). The Construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Early Urbanization along Railway, Urban History Research,1, 73-95
Qu, X.F., (2001).The Historical Changes of Modern Northeast Cities. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press.
Sheng, X. & Liu, M.M.,(2019). Change and Reconstruction: Harbin in Early Socio-Cultural Transformation (1898-1931), Study and Exploration, 5,28-35.
Shi, F.,(2019). Immigration History of Heilongjiang,Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
Shi, F, (2012). Harbin Multicultural Studies in the Early 20thCentury, Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
Shi, F., (2003).History of Russian Immigrants in Harbin, Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.
Shi, F,Gao, L &Liu, S, (2011). Harbin E Qiao Shi, Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House.Thomas, L. (1998). A Place Called Harbin: Reflections on a Centennial, The China Quarterly,154, 400-410.
Vostrotin, S. (1932).A Russian View of Manchuria, The Slavonic, and East European Review, 31, 20-36.
Wang, J.R.,(1996), Investment of the Great Powers in Harbin and the formation of the Northeast Asian trade city, Heilongjiang Social Science,5, 60-63.
Wang, R.(2008). International migration and its urbanization in Harbin in the early Republican period, Journal ofSuihua University, 3, 33-35.
Xiao, H., (2021). Extraterritorial cultural factors in the formation of Harbin city, The Border Economy and Culture,7, 14-16.
Xin, P. L., Zhang, F.M, & GaoX. Y. (1999), History of Heilongjiang Development, Harbin: Heilongjiang People Press. Xu, X.,(2006),A History of Jewish Culture, Beijing: Peijing University Press.
Yao, X.B., (2019). Influence of Post-domain Education of the Middle East Railway on Regional Education Development in
Harbin (1898-1936). [M.A. Thesis], Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.
Zhang, H.G, (2018).Research on Chinese Eastern Railway and Light Industry Development in Harbin (1898-1931), [M.A. Thesis] submitted to Heilongjiang University.
Zheng, N., (2017).An Introduction to Multiculturalism in International Migration Studies, Modern Communication, 16,176-177.