CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: THE CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN-JAPAN CULTURAL RELATIONS
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Abstract
The cultural presentation and exchange have always influenced international relations and have positively played a role to motivate exchange programmes between countries. This research refers Japan-Pakistan relations as a case study to understand the concept of ‘cultural diplomacy’ and its practical implementation and influence on strengthening of this kind of Diplomacy. Multiple steps have been taken since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Japan to promote and flourish cultural relations. This paper aims to explore influence of ‘cultural diplomacy’ on Pakistan-Japan relations. Alongside, it ascertains the practical measures both the countries taking to consolidate their relations through cultural diplomacy.
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References
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Ang, I., Isar, Y. R., & Mar, P. (2015). Cultural diplomacy: Beyond the national interest? International Journal of Cultural Policy, 21(4), 365–381.
Anjum (2012, April 30). Pak-Japan’s 60-year diplomatic relations: An overview. Retrieved from
/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/04/30/pakjapan’s-60-year-diplomatic-relations-an-overview (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Buledi, Z. (2019, July 12). Cultural Diplomacy. The News. Retrieved from https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/497112-culturaldiplomacy (Accessed: October 16, 2022) Daily Times (2021, October 15). Matsuda hails PJLF for Urdu translation of Japanese novel Retrieved from
https://dailytimes.com.pk/829614/matsuda-hails-pjlf-forurdu-translation-of-japanese-novel/ (Accessed: October 16, 2022)
Embassy of Japan (2019, August 18). Pakistan Japan Friendship Festival Concluded at Ueno Park Tokyo [Press Release]. Retrieved from https://www.pakistanembassytokyo.com/content/pakistan-japan-friendship-festival-concluded-uenopark-tokyo (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Embassy of Japan (2018, December 18). Ikebana Flower Arrangement and Embroidery Exhibition. Retrieved from
https://www.pk.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/pr_ikebana.html (Accessed:
Embassy of Japan (2016, December 7). Japan Pakistan Cultural Relations. Retrieved from https://www.pk.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/culture_main.html (Accessed: - October 16, 2022
Embassy of Japan (2016, July 12). Pak Japan Cultural Relations Retrieved from https://www.pk.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/culture_main.html (Accessed: October 15, 2022).
Embassy of Japan (2015, March 25). Ikebana Workshop and Demonstration. Retrieved from https://www.pk.embjapan.go.jp/Culture/CulEvents/Events2014_15/Ikebana/IKBLhr.html (Accessed: October 16, 2022).
Embassy of Japan (n.d.) Pakistan japan Cultural Agreement. Retrieved from https://www.pk.emb japan.go.jp/Culture/CulturalAgreement.html (Accessed: October 10, 2022).
JICA (2001). Youth Invitation Program. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Retrieved from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2001/pdf/200118.pdf (Accessed: October 25, 2022).
MoFAJ (2021, April 12). Japanese Language Education. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/culture/exchange/j_language/index.html (Accessed: October 15, 2022).
NGRIPS (n.d.). Young Leaders Program (School of Government, School of Local Governance). National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS). Retrieved from https://www.grips.ac.jp/en/education/inter_programs/leader/
(Accessed: October 25, 2022).
Norman, K. E. (2013, January 3). Definitions, Ideas, Visions and Challenges for Cultural Diplomacy, E-International Relations, Retrieved from: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/01/03/definitionsideas-visions-and-challenges-for-cultural-diplomacy/(Accessed: October 15, 2022).
NUML (n.d.). Department of Japanese. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.numl.edu.pk/department/185/about (Accessed: October 15, 2022).
Nye, J. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft power, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 616 (1), 94-109.
Ogoura, K. (2012, September 20). From Ikebana to Manga and Beyond: Japan's Cultural and Public Diplomacy Is Evolving. Retrieved from https://www.globalasia.org/v7no3/cover/from-ikebana-to-manga-and-beyond-japans-cultural-andpublic-diplomacy-is-evolving_kazuo-ogoura (Accessed: October 15, 2022).
Parekh, R. (2018, July 17). Literary Notes: Saqi’s special issue on Japan. Retrieved from https://www.dawn.com/news/print/1420474 (Accessed: October 20, 2022).
Rafi, A. (2022, May 17). 70 Years of Pak-Japan Relations. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story /2356883/70-years-of-pakjapan-relations (Accessed: October 22, 2022).
Salman, P. (2019, January 28). Reprint of Saqi's Japan Edition. The Dawn News.
Schneider, C. P. (2006). Cultural diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You’d Know it if You Saw It. Brown Journal of World
Affairs, 13(1), 191–203.
Syed, A. S. (2019, June 5). Cultural Diplomacy: A Tool for Pakistan’s Positive Image Internationally, Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 3(II), 85-95.
The Bonsai Society Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pakistanbonsai.org (Accessed: October 15, 2022)
Yavuzaslan, K., Cetin, M. (2016). Soft Power Concept and Soft Power Indexes. In: M. Bilgin, H. Danis, E. Demir, U. Can, (Eds) Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape - Vol. 1. (pp. 395-409) Springer.