A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS AND THE GLOBAL CIVILIZATION INITIATIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol42.Iss42.7405Keywords:
Western Civilization, Eastern Civilization, Democracy, Autocracy, Openness, DignityAbstract
Civilizational debate is not a new phenomenon in international politics. Civilizational states try to promote civilizations in a bid to foster civilizational values, cultural values and soft power resulting in the acceleration of their political and diplomatic clout. The Clash of Civilizations theory opined by Samuel P. Huntington triggered an intriguing debate in international politics. He reckons that in the post-Cold War world, the primary source of conflict among the states would be on culture and civilization, arguing ideological war between the Western world underpinned by the US and the Eastern world supported by the Soviet Union. To counter the Clash of Civilizations theory and the US ideational war, China has initiated the Global Civilization Initiative (GCI). It underscores the promotion of civilizational values and eschewing imposing ideologies or values on others. This paper, thus, shed slight on Western and Eastern discourses regarding the civilizations. The study also attempts to give a new insight by drawing a comparison between Clash of Civilizations and GCI.
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Baofu, P. (2023). China's dream and the new world order. Retrieved from https://english.pravda.ru/opinion/131525-china_dream _new_world_order/ (accessed: October 13, 2024)
Betts, R. K., & Christensen, T. J. (2017). Reading 9.7 China: Can the Next Superpower Rise Without War? In Conflict After the Cold War (pp. 602-614). Routledge.
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Hooker, V., & Saikal, A. (2005). Islamic perspective on the new millennium. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. Simon & Schuster.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2020). The next liberal order. Foreign Affairs, 99, 133–142.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2020). A world safe for democracy: Liberal internationalism and the crises of global order. Yale University Press.
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Martino, M. D. (2021). Soft power: Theoretical framework and political foundations. Przegl?d Europejski, 2021(1), 66-80. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7198
Mearsheimer, J. (2019). Bound to fail: The rise and fall of the liberal international order. International Security, 43(4), 7–50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
Manning, R., & Burrows, M. (2021, July 6). The problem with Biden’s democracy agenda. War on the Rocks. Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/the-problem-with-bidens-democracy-agenda/
Masferrer, A. (2021). The decline of freedom of expression and social vulnerability in Western democracy. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 34(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11196-021-09771-0
Mazrui, A. A. (1988). Islamic and Western values. Foreign Affairs, 67(3), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/20043960
Nawab, Q. (2023, June 25). Unleashing the power of diversity. Retrieved from https://pakobserver.net/unleashing-the-power-of-diversity/
Nye Jr, J. S. (2010). The futures of American power-dominance and decline in perspective. Foreign Aff., 89, 2.
Pathak, M. (2023). The Global Civilization Initiative and a harmonious future. Retrieved from http://www.cnfocus.com /the-global-civilization-initiative-and-a-harmonious-future/
Rabie, M. (2023). Culture and Civilization. In A Future Economy for All: Creating a Free, Just, and Sustainable Economic Future (pp. 27-31). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Sanger, D. E. (2023). Biden defines his underlying challenge with China: ‘Prove democracy works.’ Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/us/politics/biden-china-democracy.html (accessed: October 14, 2024)
Slaughter, A.-M. (2021, November 12). It’s time to get honest about the Biden doctrine. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com /2021/11/12/opinion/biden-foreign-policy.html (accessed: October 14, 2024)
Stinus-Cabugon, M. (2023 April 3). The double standards of human rights defenders. Manila Times. Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/04/03/opinion/columns/the-double-standards-of-human-rights-defenders/1885512 (accessed: October 14, 2024)
Suleiman, K. U. (2016). Civilization: History, description, common characteristics and importance. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5 (October), 27-37.
Wanyonyi, K. P. (1997). Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace. 5th ed.). Routledge. Routledge.
Xinhua (2023, March 19) Global Civilization Initiative injects fresh energy into human development. Retrieved from http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2023-03/19/content_ 85177312.htm (accessed: October 14, 2024)
Xinhua (2022 March 29) Chinese wisdom in Xi's words: All flowers in full bloom make a beautiful spring. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/29/WS6242a71da310fd2b29e53edf.html (October 25, 2024),
Yundong, Y. (2023, June 28). China and global peace and development. Retrieved from https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Jun-2023/china-and-global-peace-and-development (October 25, 2024),
Zhang, F. (Ed.). (2023). Pluralism and World Order: Theoretical Perspectives and Policy Challenges. Springer Nature.
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2024-12-31
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